1. Chapter 5 Decisions Goals To be able to implement decisions using if statements To be able to implement decisions using if statements To understand how to group statements into blocks To understand how to group statements into blocks To learn how to compare integers, floating- point numbers, strings, and objects To learn how to compare integers, floating- point numbers, strings, and objects To recognize the correct ordering of decisions in multiple branches To recognize the correct ordering of decisions in multiple branches To program conditions using Boolean operators and variables To program conditions using Boolean operators and variables

2. if Statement if (amount <= balance) balance = balance - amount; if/else Statement if (amount <= balance) balance = balance - amount; else balance = balance - OVERDRAFT_PENALTY; Flowchart

3. Syntax 5.1. The if Statement Syntax: Syntax: Format 1: Format 1: if (condition) statement Format 2: Format 2: if (condition) statement1 else statement2 Example: Example: Format 1: Format 1: if (amount <= balance) balance = balance - amount; Format 2: Format 2: if (amount <= balance) balance = balance - amount; else balance = balance - OVERDRAFT_PENALTY; Purpose: Purpose: To execute a statement when a condition is true or false

4. Syntax 5.2. Block Statement Syntax: Syntax: { statement... } Example: Example: if (amount <= balance) { double newBalance = balance - amount; double newBalance = balance - amount; balance = newBalance; balance = newBalance;} Purpose: To group several statements together to form a single statement Purpose: To group several statements together to form a single statement

5. Statement Types  Simple statement balance = balance - amount;  Compound statement if (balance >= amount) balance = balance - amount;  Also while, for, etc. (see chapter 6)  Block statement { double newBalance = balance - amount; balance = newBalance; }

6. Relational Operators Equality Testing vs. Assignment The == operator tests for equality: if (x == 0).. // if x equals zero The == operator tests for equality: if (x == 0).. // if x equals zero The = operator assigns a value to a variable: x = 0; // assign 0 to x The = operator assigns a value to a variable: x = 0; // assign 0 to x Java == is the same as mathematical = Java == is the same as mathematical =

7. Comparing Floating-Point Numbers  Consider the code: double r = Math.sqrt(2); double d = r * r -2; if (d == 0) System.out.println( "sqrt(2)squared minus double r = Math.sqrt(2); double d = r * r -2; if (d == 0) System.out.println( "sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is 0"); else System.out.println( "sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is not 0 but " + d); 2 is not 0 but " + d); It prints: sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is not 0 but 4.440892098500626E-16 It prints: sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is not 0 but 4.440892098500626E-16  Don't use == to compare floating-point numbers  Two numbers are close to one another if |x - y| <= ε  ε is a small number such as 10 -14  Not good enough if x, y very large or very small. Then use |x - y| / max(|x|, |y|) <= ε  But if one of the numbers is zero, don't divide by max(|x |, |y|)

8. String Comparison  Don't use == for strings! if (input == "Y") // WRONG!!!  Use equals method: if (input.equals("Y"))  == tests identity, equals tests equal contents  Case insensitive test ("Y" or "y") if (input.equalsIgnoreCase(“Y"))  Lexicographic Comparison  s.compareTo(t) < 0 means: s comes before t in the dictionary  "car"comes before "cargo" "cargo" comes before "cathode"  All uppercase letters come before lowercase "Hello" comes before "car"

9. Object Comparison  == tests for identity, equals for identical content  Rectangle cerealBox = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); Rectangle oatmealBox = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); Rectangle r = cerealBox;  cerealBox != oatmealBox, but cerealBox.equals(oatmealBox)  cerealBox == r and cerealBox.equals(r)  Caveat: equals must be defined for the class (see chapter 11)

10. The null Reference  null reference refers to no object at all  Can be used in tests: if (account == null)...  Use ==, not equals, to test for null  showInputDialog returns null if the user hit the cancel button: String input = JOptionPane.showInputD ialog("..."); if (input != null) {... }  null is not the same as the empty string "" Multiple Alternatives if (condition1) statement1; else if (condition2) statement2; else if (condition3) statement3; else statement4; if (condition1) statement1; else if (condition2) statement2; else if (condition3) statement3; else statement4; The first matching condition is executed. The first matching condition is executed. Order matters. Order matters.

11. Earthquake.java 1 /** 2 A class that describes the effects of an earthquake. 3 */ 4 public class Earthquake 5 { 6 /** 7 Constructs an Earthquake object. 8 @param magnitude the magnitude on the Richter scale 9 */ 10 public Earthquake(double magnitude) 11 { 12 richter = magnitude; 13 } 15 /** 16 Gets a description of the effect of the earthquake. 17 @return the description of the effect 18 */ 19 public String getDescription() 20 { 21 String r; 22 if (richter >= 8.0) 23 r = "Most structures fall"; 24 else if (richter >= 7.0) 25 r = "Many buildings destroyed"; 26 else if (richter >= 6.0) 27 r = "Many buildings considerably damaged, some collapse"; 28 else if (richter >= 4.5) 29 r = "Damage to poorly constructed buildings"; 30 else if (richter >= 3.5) 31 r = "Felt by many people, no destruction"; 32 else if (richter >= 0) 33 r = "Generally not felt by people"; 34 else 35 r = "Negative numbers are not valid"; 36 return r; 37 } 39 private double richter; 40 }

12. EarthquakeTest.java 1 import javax.swing.JOptionPane; 3 /** 4 A class to test the Earthquake class. 5 */ 6 public class EarthquakeTest 7 { 8 public static void main(String[] args) 9 { 10 String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( 11 "Enter a magnitude on the Richter scale:"); 12 double magnitude = Double.parseDouble(input); 13 Earthquake quake = new Earthquake(magnitude); 14 System.out.println(quake.getDescription()); 15 System.exit(0); 16 } 17 }

13. Multiple Alternatives  Order matters: if (richter >= 0) // always passes r = "Generally not felt by people"; else if (richter >= 3.5) // not tested r = "Felt by many people, no destruction";...  Don't omit else if (richter >= 8.0) r = "Most structures fall"; if (richter >= 7.0) // omitted else--ERROR r = "Many buildings destroyed  Nested Branches: Branch inside another branch if (condition1) { if (condition1a) statement1a; else statement1b; } else statement2;

14. An Example: Tax Return If your filing status is Single If your filing status is Single If your filing status is Married If your filing status is Married

15. Tax Return: Flowchart

16. TaxReturn.java 1 /** 2 A tax return of a taxpayer in 1992. 3 */ 4 class TaxReturn 5 { 6 /** 7 Constructs a TaxReturn object for a given income and marital status. 9 @param anIncome the taxpayer income 10 @param aStatus either SINGLE or MARRIED 11 */ 12 public TaxReturn(double anIncome, int aStatus) 13 { 14 income = anIncome; 15 status = aStatus; 16 } 18 public double getTax() 19 { 20 double tax = 0; 21 22 if (status == SINGLE) 23 { 24 if (income <= SINGLE_CUTOFF1) 25 tax = RATE1 * income; 26 else if (income <= SINGLE_CUTOFF2) 27 tax = SINGLE_BASE2 28 + RATE2 * (income - SINGLE_CUTOFF1); 29 else 30 tax = SINGLE_BASE3 31 + RATE3 * (income - SINGLE_CUTOFF2); 32 }

17. 33 else 34 { 35 if (income<=MARRIED_CUTOFF1) 36 tax = RATE1 * income; 37 else if (income<=MARRIED_CUTOFF2) 38 tax = MARRIED_BASE2 39 + RATE2 * (income - MARRIED_CUTOFF1); 40 else 41tax = MARRIED_BASE3 42 + RATE3 * (income - MARRIED_CUTOFF2); 43 } 45 return tax; 46 } 48 public static final int SINGLE = 1; 49 public static final int MARRIED = 2; 51 private static final double RATE1 = 0.15; 52 private static final double RATE2 = 0.28; 53 private static final double RATE3 = 0.31; 55 private static final double SINGLE_CUTOFF1 = 21450; 56 private static final double SINGLE_CUTOFF2 = 51900; 57 58 private static final double SINGLE_BASE2 = 3217.50; 59 private static final double SINGLE_BASE3 = 11743.50; 60 private static final double MARRIED_CUTOFF1 = 35800; 61 private static final double MARRIED_CUTOFF2 = 86500; 61 private static final double MARRIED_CUTOFF2 = 86500; 63 private static final double MARRIED_BASE2 = 5370; 64 private static final double MARRIED_BASE3 = 19566; 65 66 private double income; 67 private int status; 68 }

18. TaxReturnTest.java 1 import javax.swing.JOptionPane; 2 3 /** 4 A class to test the TaxReturn class. 5 */ 6 public class TaxReturnTest 7 { 8 public static void main(String[] args) 9 { 10 String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( 11 "Please enter your income:"); 12 double income = Double.parseDouble(input); 14 input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( 15 "Please enter S (single) or M (married)"); 16 int status = 0; 18 if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("S")) 19 status = TaxReturn.SINGLE; 20 else if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("M")) 21 status = TaxReturn.MARRIED; 22 else 23 { 24 System.out.println("Bad input."); 24 System.out.println("Bad input."); 25 System.exit(0); 26 } 28 TaxReturn aTaxReturn = new TaxReturn(income, status); 30 System.out.println("The tax is " 31 + aTaxReturn.getTax()); 33 System.exit(0); 34 } 35 }

19. The boolean Type  boolean type:  George Boole (1815-1864): pioneer in the study of logic  value of expression amount < 1000 is true or false.  boolean type: one of these 2 truth values  Predicate Method  return type boolean  Example: public boolean isOverdrawn() { return balance < 0; }  Use in conditions if (aChecking.isOverdrawn())...  Useful predicate methods in Character class: isDigit isLetter isUpperCase isLowerCase  if (Character.isUpperCase(ch))...  boolean Operators  && and  || or  ! not  if (0 < amount && amount < 1000)...  if (input.equals("S") || input.equals("M"))...

20. && and || Operators

21. Truth Tables

22. De Morgan's Law  Negating a complex condition can be confusing: if (!(0 < amount && amount < 1000))  De Morgan's law states that !(A && B) is the same as !A || !B !(A || B) is the same as !A && !B  Note that the && and || flip when moving the ! inwards  (!(0 = amount || amount >= 1000  Note that the opposite of =

23. Boolean Variables  private boolean married;  Set to truth value: married = input.equals("M");  Use in conditions: if (married)... else... if (!married)...  Also called flag  Don't test Boolean variables against truth values--sign of cluelessness: if (married == true) // DON'T:  if (married)  if (married == false) // DON'T:  if (!married)  if (married != false) // NO!!!