1. PowerPoint Presentation for PowerPoint Presentation for Instructor’s Online Learning Center Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Fourth Edition Yunus A. Çengel Michael A. Boles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. CHAPTER 1 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

3. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 3 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering –Mechanics –Energy –Systems –Design The over arching goal is design of products to meet societal needs. Mechanical Engineering –Mechanics –Energy –Systems –Design The over arching goal is design of products to meet societal needs. General overview Thermodynamics –A part of the Energy component of mechanical engineering. –Governs all energy consuming and transforming devices and system. Thermodynamics –A part of the Energy component of mechanical engineering. –Governs all energy consuming and transforming devices and system.

4. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 4 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics The engineering framework THEORY JUDGMENT (DESIGN) DATA

5. FIGURE 1–5 Some application areas of thermodynamics. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1 Diet Air vents

6. FIGURE 1–7 The definition of the force units. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2 1 lbm will have a gravitational force on it of 1 lbf on earth. Check for dimensional homogeneity!

7. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 7 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Beginning ideas and concepts...

8. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 8 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Macroscopic vs. microscopic viewpoints... A collection of atoms within a container, each with a unique velocity.

9. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 9 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Number of atoms = N Energy of each atom = Total Energy = Energy in a microscopic description

10. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 10 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics The energy in both cases is the same, E. In the macroscopic description, atomistic concepts are disregarded. How we describe the system chosen for study requires careful selection of properties that are based on observable, measurable quantities. The macroscopic description

11. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 11 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics The macroscopic viewpoint...

12. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 12 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics State of a thermodynamic system. Enumeration of all of its properties. In macroscopic thermodynamics, the properties of system are assigned to the system as a whole.

13. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 13 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Properties in macroscopic thermodynamics Density,  Molecular and atomic effects are important Limit of the macroscopic model and assumptions. (m 3 )

14. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 14 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics How does the state of system change?

15. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 15 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic ThermodynamicsSystem Energetic interactions Surroundings Energy Flow System Boundary

16. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 16 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Basic definitions...

17. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 17 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic ThermodynamicsSystem Closed System Open System Mass Flow

18. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 18 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics System and surroundings Universe = Systems +Surroundings Closed System Surroundings System Boundary

19. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 19 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics System and surroundings Open systems have mass flow across their boundaries. Open System ( Fixed space or volume) Surroundings Control Surface Mass flow

20. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 20 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Interactions between system and surroundings...

21. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 21 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Closed system System Surroundings Work Heat

22. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 22 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Open system System Surroundings Mass Flow Mass Flow Power Heat Usually look at rates.

23. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 23 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Example: Piston and cylinder - a closed system m Gas at pressure, p Piston

24. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 24 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Example: The gas turbine engine - an open system Shaft Work Output Combustor Fuel Flow In Air Flow In Exhaust Gases Out Compressor Work Out

25. FIGURE 1–17 A control volume may involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 A control volume is an open system

26. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 26 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Key concepts and terms Closed System Open System System Boundary Surroundings Universe Thermodynamic Properties Thermodynamic State

27. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 27 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Equilibrium states and properties

28. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 28 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic ThermodynamicsProperties Properties: Temperature Pressure Volume Internal energy Entropy Properties: Temperature Pressure Volume Internal energy Entropy System The system can be either open or closed. The concept of a property still applies.

29. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 29 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics Classes of properties ExtensiveExtensive –MASS –VOLUME –ENERGY ADDITIVE OVER ADDITIVE OVER THE SYSTEM. ExtensiveExtensive –MASS –VOLUME –ENERGY ADDITIVE OVER ADDITIVE OVER THE SYSTEM. IntensiveIntensive –TEMPERATURE –PRESSURE –DENSITY NOT ADDITIVE OVER THE SYSTEM. NOT ADDITIVE OVER THE SYSTEM. IntensiveIntensive –TEMPERATURE –PRESSURE –DENSITY NOT ADDITIVE OVER THE SYSTEM. NOT ADDITIVE OVER THE SYSTEM. Specific Properties Continuum approach is valid if system is large compared to distance between molecules

30. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 30 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic ThermodynamicsState At a given state, all the properties of the system have fixed values. If the value of one property changes, the state changes. If no properties are changing, then it is at equilibrium

31. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 31 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic ThermodynamicsEquilibrium Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states. No driving forces Mechanical equilibrium –No change in pressure with time Thermal equilibrium –Temperature is same throughout system

32. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 32 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic ThermodynamicsEquilibrium Phase equilibrium –No change in the amounts of different phases Chemical equilibrium –Chemical composition does not change with time.

33. Instructor’s Visual Aids Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics © 2002, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 33 Energy, Heat and Work Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics State Postulate The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties Simple compressible system: –Absence of electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion and surface tension effects. –Independent if one property can be held constant while another is varied