1. The Organic Grid: Self- Organizing Computation on a Peer-to-Peer Network Presented by : Xuan Lin

2. Outline Introduction Motivation Organic Scheduling Scheme Experiment Evaluation Conclusion

3. Outline Introduction Motivation Organic Scheduling Scheme Experiment Evaluation Conclusion

4. Introduction Scientific Computations require large scale distributed computing. Traditional Grid vs. Desktop Grid Centralized vs. Decentralized Mobile agent. (Weak mobility, Strong mobility, Forced Mobility)

5. Outline Introduction Motivation Organic Scheduling Scheme Experiment Evaluation Conclusion

6. Motivation Many previous schemes assume reliable network. Centralized schemes suffer from poor scalability. Traditional scheduling schemes assume sufficient system information. Inspired by Local Activation, Long-range Inhibition (LALI)

7. Outline Introduction Motivation Organic Scheduling Scheme Experiment Evaluation Conclusion

8. Assumptions Independent-task application, data initially resides at one location. Each node initially has a “friend lists”.

9. A. General Approach Tree-structured overlay network is selected as the desirable pattern of execution. Empirically determined the simplest behavior that would organize the communication and task distribution among mobile agents. Augmented the basic behavior by introducing other desirable properties.

10. B. Basic Agent Behavior A computational task is encapsulated in an agent. A user starts the computation agent on his/her machine. (root of the tree) The agent starts one thread for computation. At the same time, the agent is prepared to receive requests.

11. B. Basic Agent Behavior (con’t) -when get a request The agent dispatches a clone when get requests. (The requester will be a child). The clone will ask for its parent for subtasks.

12. B. Basic Agent Behavior (con’t) -requester A thread begins to compute. Other threads are created-when required- to communicate with parents or other machines. If a requests is received, this ‘child’ sends its own clone to the requester. It will become the parent of the requester. The requester will be a child of this node. …… Thus, the computation spreads.

13. B. Basic Agent Behavior (con’t) An agent requests its parent for more subtasks if it completes its own subtasks. Every time a node obtain r results, it sends them to its parent.

14. B. Basic Agent Behavior (con’t)

15. C. Maintenance of Child-lists Up to c active children and up to p potential children. (balance of deep and width of the tree) Active nodes are ranked by their performance (the rate the node sends result). Potential children are the ones which the current node has not yet been able to evaluate. A potential child is added to the active child-list once it has sent enough results to the current node.

16. C. Maintenance of Child-lists (con’t) When the node has more than c active children, the slowest node (sc) will be kicked out. The sc is then given a list of other nodes, which it can contact to try and get back to the tree. The sc will also be put into a list which records o former children. (Avoid thrashing )

17. C. Maintenance of Child-lists (con’t)

18. D. Restructuring of the Overlay Network Philosophy: Having best nodes close to the top enhances the extraction of subtasks from the root and minimizes the communication delay. The overlay network is constantly being restructured so that the nodes with the highest throughput migrate toward the root.

19. D. Restructuring of the Overlay Network (How to achieve that?) A node periodically informs its parent about its best-performing child.

20. D. Restructuring of the Overlay Network (con’t) A sc is not simply discarded. The parent sends a list of its children in descending order of performance. The sc attempts to contact these nodes in turn.

21. E. Size of Result Burst R result-burst intervals r results (R+1)* r If r and R are too large, it will take too much time for the network to update.

22. F. Fault Tolerance What can we do when nodes lost connection? Every node keeps track of unfinished subtasks that were sent to children. Each node keeps a list of a ancestors.

23. F. Fault Tolerance (con’t)

24. G. Cycles Failure could cause cycles. (How to find the cycle?) Every node checks its ancestor list on receiving it from its parents to see if itself is in the ancestor. (How to break the cycle?) Try to obtaining the address of some other agent on its data distribution or communication overlays.

25. G. Cycles (starvation) May cause starvation. If the agent is starved of work for more than a specified time, it self-destructs.

26. H. Termination Root sends out termination messages. The messages will spread down to leaves. Two scenarios: 1. If a node does not get such message, the situation will be the same as F. 2. n2 does not get the termination messages but it is in n1’s friend-list. n1 terminate when it get informed. n2 will clone itself to n1 when it is informed by n1 ?????

27. I. Self-adjust of Task List Size In an ITA-type application, the utilization of a high-performance machine may be poor because it is only requesting a fixed number of subtasks at a time. So, agents request more or less according to its performance. (compare to last run) i(t), d(t)

28. J. Prefetching Motivation: A potential cause of slowdown in the basic scheduling scheme described earlier is the delay at each node due to its waiting for new subtasks. Using the self-adjustment function i(t) to prefetch. However, excessively prefetching will degrade the performance since prefetch will increase the amount of data that needs to be transferred at a time.

29. Outline Introduction Motivation Scheduling Scheme Experiment Evaluation Conclusion

30. Metric Total Computation Time Ramp-up Time The time required for subtasks to reach every single node. Topology Fast nodes should migrate to the root as close as possible.

31. Experiment Configuration Application: NCBI’s nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST, the gene sequence similarity search tool. ( Match a 256KB sequence against 320 data chunks) A cluster of eighteen heterogeneous machines Introduced Delays in the application code. The machines ran the Aglets weak mobility agent environment on top of either Linux or Solaris.

32. Initial Topology

33. Initial Parameter

34. A. Comparison with Knowledge- Based Scheme

35. A. Comparison with Knowledge- Based Scheme (con’t)

36. B. Effects of Child Propagation

37. B. Effects of Child Propagation (con’t) 32% improvement in the running time

38. C. Result-Burst Size There is a qualitative improvement in the child- lists as the result-burst size increases. However, with very large result-bursts, it takes longer for the tree overlay to form and adapt, thus slowing down the experiment.

39. C. Result-Burst Size (con’t)

41. D. Effects of prefetching Ramp-up Time is affected by prefetching and the minimum number of subtasks that each node requests.

42. D. Effects of prefetching (con’t)

45. Prefecthing degrades the throughput when the No. of subtasks increases.

46. D. Effects of prefetching (con’t)

47. E. Self-Adjustment

48. F. Number of Children

49. Two experiments: good initial configuration and star topology The total time are approximately the same. Children have to wait for a longer time for their requests to be satisfied.

50. Outline Introduction Motivation Scheduling Scheme Experiment Evaluation Conclusion

51. An autonomic scheduling algorithm in which multithreaded agents with strong mobility form a tree-structured overlay network. The approach can be adapted to many applications. Future work includes more experiments, and good design of initial friend-list.