1. Evolution Any change in the genetic constitution of a population of organisms. –Changes of lesser magnitude are called microevolution. –Changes at or near the upper extreme are called macroevolution

2. Table 12.1 Page 194 Individuals, and their alleles, move into and out of populations; the physical flow counters the effects of the other microevolutionary processes Gene flow Random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time due to chance occurrences alone Genetic drift Change or stabilization of allele frequencies; an outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among variant individuals of a population Natural selection A heritable change in DNAMutation Table 12.1 Microevolutionary Processes

3. phenotypes of original population phenotype of island population A seabird carries a few seeds, stuck to its feathers, from the mainland to a remote oceanic island.

6. Development of a Theory Lyell –Gradualism: Geological changes occur over millions of years. Lamarck –Acquired characteristics are inherited Darwin and Wallace –Natural Selection

8. Natural Selection Four Mechanisms of Natural Selection –More born than can survive Not everyone makes it –Variability in the population Genetic differences –Heritability of traits The differences are inherited –Fitness Some produce more offspring than others

11. Do not post to Internet Beak of the Finch

12. Geospiza conirostrisG. scandens Certhidea olivacaeCamarhynchys pallidus Do not post to Internet

13. 490 AA butterflies dark-blue wings 420 Aa butterflies medium-blue wings 90 aa butterflies white wings Starting populationNext generation 490 AA butterflies dark-blue wings 420 Aa butterflies medium-blue wings 90 aa butterflies white wings Next generation 490 AA butterflies dark-blue wings 420 Aa butterflies medium-blue wings 90 aa butterflies white wings

14. Range of values at time 3 Number of individuals Range of values at time 2 Number of individuals Directional selection Range of values at time 1 Number of individuals

15. Range of values at time 1 Number of individuals Range of values at time 2 Number of individuals Stabilizing Selection Range of values at time 3 Number of individuals

16. Range of values at time 1 Number of individuals Disruptive Selection Range of values at time 3 Number of individuals Range of values at time 2 Number of individuals

17. percent of population 20 15 10 5 123456789 11 birth weight (pounds) 100 70 50 30 20 10 5 3 2 percent mortality