2. The WTO as a ‘facilitator’ in the harmonisation of domestic trade laws Asif H Qureshi University of Manchester

3. 6/11/2015 Introduction WTO role in the harmonisation of domestic trade legislation considered a heresy --- as resonating of a genre of ‘WTO Conditionality’ --- an unwarranted intrusion in domestic policy space of members. Obstacles and distortions to international trade can be embedded in differences in national trade related legislation. Harmonisation of domestic trade legislation is the subject of reciprocity in multilateral trade negotiations, and a matter of national policy space.

4. 6/11/2015 Process of Harmonisation Unidirectional but can also be multidirectional, international, voluntary, or arise as a matter of osmosis spontaneously from the fact of membership. Advantages and disadvantages of harmonisation and the governance framework of the harmonisation process.

5. 6/11/2015 The WTO harmonisation mandate? No carte blanche mandate to harmonise. O bligation to bring in conformity domestic laws with WTO obligations? ( Article XVI (4) of the Marrakesh Agreement) Reference to achieving greater coherence in global economic policy-making? (Article III (5) of the Marrakesh Agreement). Reciprocity Expressly advocated in some of the agreements. F ocus mainly in three different normative spheres viz., Qualifications and standards with respect to goods and services; intellectual property rights and customs related issues.

6. 6/11/2015 WTO Agreements Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade GATS TRIPS Agreement on Rules of Origin

7. 6/11/2015 Generally Optional rather than necessarily prescriptive. Minimal rather than exhaustive. Programmatic rather than accomplished. It is derivative rather than formulated ab initio. Normatively specific. Incentivised through built-in presumptions of validity.

8. 6/11/2015 The processes in the WTO that facilitate harmonisation Prior-harmonisation Accession negotiations. Harmonisation through Trade Policy Reviews Recent China, EU and US trade policy reviews Harmonisation and Dispute Settlement Common Understanding Article 31 (3) (c) VCLT1969 EC-Aircraft AB (2011) a priori aspect of DS Reasonableness of a legislative measure Harmonisation through technical assistance and transparency Workshops and training sessions Model legislation

9. 6/11/2015 Conclusion WTO role in the harmonisation of domestic trade legislation : nuanced, qualified and limited.