1. External Uniqueness Presented by Nir Atias Dave Clarke Tobias Wrigstad Encapsulation Seminar 2006

2. What are we doing here What is uniqueness? Problems with current approaches Forming a solution External Uniqueness Samples & patterns Conclusions Beyond External Uniqueness

3. Uniqueness Problem We want to ensure only one reference to an object exists (no aliasing) Solution Annotate a reference as unique and restrict operations on that reference Introduce a mechanism to work with the reference (borrowing)

4. Problems Abstraction Changes to the implementation of an object require changes in its interface Orthogonality The operations on borrowed unique references are limited Definitional What happens when an object is borrowed

5. Abstraction In existing proposals: Methods are annotated with respect of consuming unique pointers Islands Effects systems Changes in implementation requires changes in signature Change is propagated in the program

6. Orthogonality Borrowing mechanism places restrictions on the borrowed reference Don’t want the original object to loose its uniqueness property after borrowing has ceased This implies that borrowed references have their own rules

7. Definitional What happens when a reference is borrowed? Allow both borrowed reference and unique reference, thus weakening reasoning power Nullify the original reference during borrowing, risk race conditions and NullPointerException Ensure that when unique reference is used, all aliases and borrowed references are dead.

8. The Main Idea Introduce a new type of uniqueness: External Uniqueness A reference is externally unique if it is the only external reference to an object Internal aliasing is allowed

9. Forming a solution Use ownership types to determine aggregate scope Ownership types distinguish between the inside and the outside of an object Ownership types allow reasoning about aggregates Nullify unique reference while borrowing (simplicity)

10. Ownership Types Are you in or out? Distinction between the inside and outside of an object An object cannot be accessed from outside of its owner Owner as permission to access an object Owners-as-dominators property owners are on all paths from the root to an object in the object graph

11. Ownership Types – cont. Parameterize classes by owners Additional owner parameters are allowed ( owner <* p i ) this can be used as an owner for owned objects ( this <* owner ) An object may refer only to objects it owns objects that are owned by its parameters

12. External Uniqueness A reference is externally unique if it is the only external reference to an object In object graph representation, we have dominating edge property Refine the owners-as-dominators property The edge is on all paths from the root to an object in the object graph Allow to move aggregates

13. Dominating Edge In red we have the ownership tree In blue we have the object graph If a reference is unique then we have dominating edge

14. Ownership and Uniqueness unique is part of the type A unique reference has a movement bound that acts as an owner If p is the movement bound of a unique reference we will depict the reference as unique p Movement bound can change While regular owner is invariant Movement bound can be declared by the programmer

15. Externally Unique References Movement Allow destructive read operation Possibly loosing uniqueness Cannot assign owner with not enough permissions

16. Externally Unique References Borrowing Unique references can be treated as ordinary references (temporarily) Type system ensures that when the borrowing has finished no additional references remain The original reference (or other) is restored to the place from where it was borrowed

17. Borrowing Operation

18. So what do we have? Only one of the following One active reference Dominating edge property ensures that there is only one active reference to an object Internal references are active only while borrowing Many references with limited scope Borrowing is limited in scope Original unique reference is invalidated

19. Some more info Constructors are viewed as (almost) regular method calls Parameters cannot have owner in the type (except as a movement bound) As a result: this cannot be assigned to an external (pre- existing) object Methods can be parameterized by owners Cannot capture argument whose owner is a parameter

20. Samples Common scenarios & Addressing known issues

21. Borrowing Accessing methods and fields requires borrowing External Uniqueness The bus is externally unique but have multiple references from owned Clients class Server { unique Bus bus; this ServerSocket ss; void accept() { while (true) { unique Socket s = ss.accept(); borrow bus as b { b.add(new unique Client(s--)); } } } } class Client { owner Bus bus; unique Socket s; Client( unique Socket s ) { this.s = s--; } } class Bus { this ClientList clients; void add( unique Client c ) { this Client current = c--; clients.add(current); current.bus = this; } }

22. Simulating Borrowing Owner-polymorphic methods (guarantees not to create heap-level aliases) can be called with unique references class Printer { static void print(o Printable p ) {... } } unique B b; // implements Printable borrow b as b1 { Printer.print (b1); }

23. Orthogonality Scoped regions enables construction of temporary heap objects, that referes to existing objects Existing objects might be unique No aliasing outside of scope because of deep-ownership class Printer { static void print(o Printable p ) { (a) { // temporary owner a LayoutManager lm; lm = new a LayoutManager (p); lm.addBorder(); lm.print( "....." ); } } } unique B b; // implements Printable borrow b as b1 { Printer.print (b1); }

24. External Initialization Problematic with ownership types (static owners) The movement bound changes (downwards in the object graph) class Lexer { this InputStream stream; Lexer( unique InputStream s) { stream = s--; } } void lexerClient() { unique InputStream stream; unique Lexer l; stream = new FileInputStream(file); l = new Lexer(stream--); }

25. Transfer of Ownership Important pattern in concurrent programming Movement-bound of B is D, so no references to A are allowed in B B can be a complex aggregate class TokenRing { owner TokenRing next; unique Token token; void give() { next.recieve(token--); } void recieve(unique Token tkn) { token = tkn--; } }

26. Merging Representations Merging (without copying) linked data structures Without breaking encapsulation In the sample: bh can change while borrowed class Link { data Object data; owner Link next, prev; } class List { unique Link head; void append( owner List other ) { borrow head as bh { ho Link ohead = other.head--; if( bh==null ) { bh = ohead; } else if( ohead!=null ) { ho Link h = bh; while( h.next != null ) { h = h.next; } h.next = ohead; h.next.prev = h; } } } }

27. Conclusions Abstraction All classes can be used as unique references Regardless of class declaration Methods are not annotated with reference consumption information

28. Conclusions Orthogonality Using several mechanism: Borrowing Owner polymorphic methods Scoped regions After borrowing, a unique reference can be used as a regular reference No restrictions on borrowed references No concept of borrowed reference in the language

29. Conclusions Definitional Original reference is nullified Reinstatement of borrowed value adds power Prone to race conditions A better solution Exists but much more complicated (invalidate the borrowed references when the original is accessed)

30. Anything else? Reentrancy Once borrowed, a unique object can only be reentered from a local (nested) object Therefore it cannot be reentered from an external object An object referred to uniquely can only be entered by one thread

31. Some more… Object model Ownership types model IS-PART-OF relationship All references to an owned object are confined within it owner Lifetime management Further work required

32. Beyond External Uniqueness Iterator Pattern Or how to publish an object with knowledge of implementation Break the encapsulation in a given scope  Inner classes  Package Primary owners Exception Handling How does it fit with ownership types languages? Static methods

33. The End Hope you had some fun