1. Lec 7: Property tables, ideal and real gases

2. For next time: Outline: Important points: Read: § 3-8 to 3-12 HW4 due
EES
Quality, internal energy, enthalpy
Real gases
Important points:
How to use the quality to find properties of mixtures
How to evaluate a given process in a property diagram
How to calculate and apply corrections to the IGL for real gases

3. TEAMPLAY
Find, for water, the following properties: the saturation pressure at a saturation temperature of 100 F.
and find the saturation temperature at a pressure of 6 MPa.
Make sure everyone in your group understands how to do this.

4. Quality
We often represent the relative amount of vapor present by something called the quality x.

5. Quality is related to the horizontal differences of P-V and T-v diagrams

6. What is the new v?

7. So... v = (1-x)vf + xvg = vf + x(vg - vf) or, writing vfg  vg – vf
v = vf + xvfg

8. Obtaining u in the vapor dome
What you do for v works for u (and for other things)
u = (1-x)uf + xug = uf + x(ug - uf)
= uf + xufg

9. A new property: enthalpy, H
Enthalpy is simply the sum of the internal energy, U, and the pressure volume product, pV
H  U + pV
Now,

10. Enthalpy--the bottom line
H = U + pV
h = u + pv
h = (1-x)hf + xhg = hf + x(hg - hf)
= hf + xhfg

11. The P-V or P-v plane
For the next few lectures we will often look at the two dimensions P and v, or P and V.
The P is always on the ordinate and the v is always on the abcissa, just opposite to the familiar x-y plane.

12. Subcooled or Compressed Liquid Region Sat. Vapor Line
Sat. Liquid Line
Subcooled or Compressed Liquid Region
Sat. Vapor Line
Superheated Region - 100% Vapor
Two-Phase or Saturation Region - gas and liquid coexist

13. For water p v superheated region Table Page A-6 940/43 A-6E 986/88
If T=Tsat, P  Psat
If P=Psat, T >Tsat
superheated region
Table Page A
A-7E
If T=Tsat PPsat.
If P=Psat, TTsat.
subcooled or compressed liquid region
Table Page
A /7
A /9
A-4E /3
A-5E /4
saturation region
P=Psat and T=Tsat v

14. Superheat tables--compressed liquid tables are similar

15. TEAMPLAY
Complete the table below as a team. The substance is water. Make sure everybody understands how to do it!

16. TEAMPLAY
A container holds 1 kg of liquid water and 1 kg of steam in equilibrium at 0.7 MPa.
What is the temperature of the mixture in C?
If we hold the pressure constant and increase the temperature to 320 C, what is the change in volume?
Show the process on the Pv diagram.

17. Sample Problem
Compare the values of the specific volume of water at saturated liquid conditions and 100C with the values of specific volume at of water at saturated liquid conditions and 100C and the following pressures:
5, 20, and 30 MPa.
What conclusions can be drawn from the comparison?

18. SOLUTION
From compressed liquid tables

19. What can we learn? IMPORTANT!!
Specific volume is approximately constant over large changes in pressure if T=C
Liquid does not change specific volume significantly as pressure is changed…it can’t be “compressed”
When compressed liquid tables are not available, estimate property data at sat. liquid conditions at the same temperature as the compressed liquid.
IMPORTANT!!

20. Consider R-134a (Refrigerant 134a)
We can make a diagram for this as we did for water but there is no data in the compressed or subcooled liquid region.

21. For R-134a superheated region P v If T=Tsat, PPsat
Table Page
A /1
A-13E /6
If T=Tsat, PPsat
If P=Psat, T>Tsat
superheated region P
Table Page
A-11 (T)
A-11E(T)
A-12 (P)
A-12E(P)
saturation region
P=Psat and T=Tsat v

22. R-134a IS NOT AN IDEAL GAS!

23. TEAMPLAY
What is the specific volume of saturated liquid 0 °C?
What is the internal energy at -10 °C and 0.14 MPa?
What is the pressure at x = 0.1 and 0 °F?
What is h at the same conditions?

24. TEAMPLAY
Under what conditions is it appropriate to apply the ideal gas equation of state?

25. Ideal gas “law” is a simple equation of state
Ru = universal gas constant
= kPa•m3/kmol•K
= ft • lbf/lbmol•R

26. Molar mass or molecular weight is sometimes confusing
Take air as an example:

27. Specific gas constant
Universal gas constant given inside back cover of your textbook
Specific gas constant calculated by dividing universal gas constant by molar mass

28. Percent error for applying ideal gas equation of state to steam

30. Real gases Pv = ZRT, or Pv = ZRuT, where v is volume per unit mole.
Z is known as the compressibility factor

31. Principle of corresponding states
“The compressibility factor Z is the same
for all gases at the same values of the
reduced temperature and reduced pressure.”

32. Compressibility factor
What is it really doing?
It accounts mainly for two things:
Molecular structure
Intermolecular attractive forces

33. Reduced properties Where: PR and TR are reduced values.
Pc and Tc are critical properties.

34. Where do you find critical properties?
Look in the appendices of your text book.
For the SI system they are on p. 930 in Table A-1, along with molar mass.
For USCS system, they are on p. 976 in Table A-1E

35. Reduced properties
This works great if you are given a gas, a P and a T and asked to find the v.
However, if you are given P and v and asked to find T (or T and v and asked to find P), you can use the pseudoreduced volume.

36. Reduced properties
In those cases use the pseudoreduced volume:

37. Compressibility factor
It is shown in Figure 3-56 (p. 100) in terms of actual experimental data

38. Compressibility factor for ten substances

39. TEAMPLAY
Use the compressibility factor to determine the error in treating oxygen gas at 160 K and 3 MPa as an ideal gas.