1. Peter © Peter Dicken 2015 201 Peter Dicken 20155

2. Figure 5.1 Transnationality indices by country of origin Source: calculated from UNCTAD, World Investment Report, various issues

3. Figure 5.2 Variations in market size: gross national income per capita Source: World Bank 2012 data. Cartograms produced by Danny Dorling and Benjamin Hennig, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford

4. Figure 5.3 Enrolment in tertiary education Source: based on data in USAID, Global Education Database

5. Figure 5.4 Geographical variations in hourly compensation costs in manufacturing Source: based on US Bureau of Labour statistics, 2012

6. Figure 5.5 The PLC as an evolutionary sequence of US TNCs’ development Source: based on Wells, 1972: Figure 15

7. Figure 5.6 Diverse pathways of TNC evolution

8. Figure 5.7 Advantages and disadvantages of a globally integrated strategy Source: based on material in Doz, 1986b

9. Figure 5.8 A global integration–local responsiveness framework Source: based on material in Prahalad and Doz, 1987: Figure 2.2; pp. 18–21

10. Figure 5.9 TNCs as networks within networks Source: based, in part, on Forsgren et al., 2005: Figure 7.3

11. Figure 5.10 Basic elements of the Japanese keiretsu Source: based, in part, on Gerlach, 1992: Figure 1.1

12. Figure 5.11 Types of TNC organizational architecture

13. Figure 5.12 ‘Multinational organization’ model Source: based on Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998: Figure 3.1

14. Figure 5.13 ‘International organization’ model Source: based on Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998: Figure 3.2

15. Figure 5.14 ‘Global organization’ model Source: based on Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998: Figure 3.3

16. Figure 5.15 ‘Integrated network organization’ model Source: based on Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998: Figure 5.1

17. Figure 5.16 Corporate R&D processes Source: based, in part, on Buckley and Casson, 1976: Figure 2.7

18. Figure 5.17 Alternative ways of organizing the geography of transnational production

19. Figure 5.18 Solectron’s global network Source: based on Sturgeon, 2002: Table 2

20. Figure 5.19 Outsourcing as a multi-tiered process

21. Figure 5.20 Outsourcing relationships

22. Figure 5.21 ‘Just-in-case’ and ‘just-in-time’ systems of supplier relationships Source: based on material in Sayer, 1986

23. Figure 5.22 Some of Foxconn’s global production facilities Source: press and company reports

24. Figure 5.23 Different ways of coordinating transnational production networks Source: based on material in Gereffi et al., 2005

25. Figure 5.24 Organization of the Nike production network Source: based on Donaghu and Barff, 1990: Figure 4; pp. 542–4.

26. Figure 5.25 Nike’s global supplier network Source: based on data in Nike Inc., 2012, Nike Contract Disclosure List

27. Figure 5.26 Types of inter-firm collaboration Source: based on Anderson, 1995: Figure 1

28. Figure 5.27 Reorganization, restructuring and geographical change