17. SUBJECT OCCASION AUDIENCE PURPOSE SPEAKER TONE

18. SUBJECT Han official is ordering local officials on how to organize their officials and labor force with use of technology in order to prevent disaster from floods OCCASION China, early 2 nd century AUDIENCE Local Han officials PURPOSE To make sure the government is maintaining public works and controlling floods To convey idea that technology is essential part of empire and requires government intervention SPEAKER Han government official TONE Shows concern for people and property; gives the impression that technology is there to aid the Chinese

19. SUBJECT Huan Guan is writing about the problems that lack of technology and poor government policy is having on the people OCCASION China, first century B.C.E. AUDIENCE Government officials PURPOSE To advise the government that their policies (using convict labor to make tools and monopoly on salt and iron) has had devastating effects on the people Also, to let the Han government know that it is their job to rectify the situation and improve the available technologies SPEAKER Huan Guan, Han government official TONE Critical of recent government policies

20. SUBJECT Huan Tan is listing the progress of technology after the emperor’s first invention. OCCASION China, about 20 C.E. AUDIENCE Educated, mostly upper class Chinese; government PURPOSE To show the benefits that technology has provided to the Chinese people SPEAKER Huan Tan, upper-class Han philosopher TONE Shows appreciation for the benefits of technology. Attitude that technology is a “gift” from enlightened emperors.

22. SUBJECT Stating how Tu Shih, a Han governor, cared for the Chinese people and used technology to benefit them OCCASION China, about 200 C.E. AUDIENCE People who might be losing faith in the Han Dynasty PURPOSE To glorify the actions of the early Han dynasty and show how effective their inventions were in minimizing human labor SPEAKER Someone hired by the government (“government sponsored”) TONE Shows appreciation for the accomplishments of the Han dynasty; glorifies them

23. SUBJECT Cicero is stating that the jobs of craftsmen and hired workers that work with hands are “vulgar” and unbecoming; says that gentlemen do not work with their hands OCCASION ROME, 1 st century B.C.E. AUDIENCE Other upper class men PURPOSE To distinguish between quality professions and vulgar professions SPEAKER Cicero, upper class Roman political leader TONE Lacks respect for inventions and inventors (craftsmen); technology is necessary, but not for enlightened minds

24. SUBJECT Plutarch is explaining Gaius Gracchus’ road building enterprises with special attention to their usefulness and aesthetics OCCASION Roman Empire, 1 st century C.E. AUDIENCE Other upper class men PURPOSE To show that the Roman upper class did appreciate technology that benefitted the upper class (no mention of how commoners benefitted; designed roads to specifically help those with horses) SPEAKER Plutarch, Greek born Roman citizen TONE Shows appreciation for the usefulness and aesthetics of Roman roads Shows admiration for Gracchus’ hard work in road building

25. SUBJECT Seneca is stating that it takes someone nimble and sharp to make inventions, but these craftsmen are not the greatest minds of his day OCCASION Roman Empire, 1 st century C.E. AUDIENCE Other upper class men PURPOSE To differentiate between those who work with hands and those that work with minds SPEAKER Seneca, upper-class Roman philosopher and advisor to emperor Nero TONE Lacks respect for craftsmen (degrades their achievements and abilities) Not concerned about hammers and tongs because as an upperclassmen, he would never use them

26. SUBJECT Frontinus praises Roman aqueducts and their uses in the city of Rome. He describes its intelligent design and how it benefits the public OCCASION Roman Empire, 1 st century C.E. AUDIENCE Other Roman officials (so they can see that he is doing a good job as water commissioner) PURPOSE To glorify Roman aqueducts and their numerous benefits; to show Roman superiority over Egyptians and Greeks SPEAKER Frontinus, Roman general, governor of Britain, and water commissioner TONE Shows pride for Roman aqueducts and appreciates their practical and aesthetic nature (keep in mind, he is the water commissioner for Rome – his job and income depends on the aqueducts)