2. BIRTH, GROWTH AND FUTURE OF RADIO -Jyotsna Natarajan December 6th, 2005

3. CONCEPTS AND THEORY WINSTON – Adoption, Supervening Social Necessity and Law of Suppression ROGERS – Diffusion Theory

4. BIRTH OF RADIO Heinrich Hertz, David Hughes, Oliver Lodge – first to experiment with prototypes of radio technology (1880 – 1895). Telephone and telegraph – suppressants. Inventors of radio – Guglielmo Marconi, Aubrey Fessenden, Lee deForest, John Stone (1895 – 1910).

5. ADOPTION OF RADIO Early adopters – armed forces. War – Supervening Social Necessity. 1920-1927 early majority adopted radio.

6. GROWTH OF RADIO STATIONS 1927 – Radio Act – suppressant. Table 1 - Number of Radio Stations in the US, 1921-1940 Source: Sterling and Kittross (1978)

8. DIFFUSION OF RADIO Music and news programming – 1940 onwards. Laggards adopted radio. Television – braking force.

10. THE PRESENT 1990s – development and explosion of Internet. Streaming audio. Quick Time and Real Audio.

11. BENEFITS FOR LISTENERS Better sound quality. Any kind of content. Any place in the world. Interactive.

12. THE ISSUE OF COPYRIGHT 1998 – Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Separate royalty for online audio content. Opposed by webcasters. Traditional radio broadcasters – higher costs with no significant increase in returns. Artists and recording companies – unfair.

13. THE ISSUE OF COPYRIGHT 2002 – Library of Congress ruling – pay 1/14 th of a cent (0.0007 cent) per song, per listener, retroactive to 1998. June-August 2002 more than 200 Internet based radio stations shut down. November 2002 – Small Webcaster Settlement Act.

14. CURRENT SCENARIO Many paperwork and copyright issues to sort out. Bigger corporations have an advantage.

15. THE FUTURE Podcasts and Audio blogs – new revolution. + = Podcast Synchronous to asynchronous shift.

16. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING Birth, growth and future of Internet – Jyotsna Natarajan. URL – http://ollarals.blogspot.com/2005/12/birth- growth-and-future-of-radio.html http://ollarals.blogspot.com/2005/12/birth- growth-and-future-of-radio.html

17. SUMMARY The Past – Radio was invented, adopted, suppressed and finally its growth leveled off. The Present – Rebirth of radio as Internet Radio. Many copyright and paperwork issues to sort out. The Future – Podcasts and audio blogs. Impact of shift from synchronous to asynchronous technology.

18. QUESTIONS We have three minutes for Q & A Thank you!