1. Threads By Dr. Yingwu Zhu

2. Review Multithreading Models Many-to-one One-to-one Many-to-many

3. Many-to-one Model Kernels do not support multiple threads of control Multithreading can be implemented entirely as a user-level library Schedule multiple threads onto the process’s single kernel thread; multiplexing multiple user threads on a single kernel thread

4. Many-to-one (cont.): Benefits Cheap synchronization When a user thread wishes to perform synchronization, the user-level thread lib. checks to see if the thread needs to block. If a user thread does, the user-level thread lib. enqueues it, and dequeues another user thread from the lib.’s run queue, and swithes the active thread. No system calls are required Cheap thread creation The thread lib. need only create a context (i.e., a stack and registers) and enqueues it in the user-level run queue

5. Many-to-one (cont.): Benefits Resource efficiency Kernel memory is not wasted on a stack for each user thread Allows as many thread as VM permits Portability User-level threads packages are implemented entirely with standard UNIX and POSIX lib. calls

6. Many-to-one (cont.): Drawbacks Single-threaded OS interface If a user thread blocks (e.g, blocking system calls), the entire process blocks and so no other user thread can execute until the kernel thread (which is blocked in the system call) becomes available Solution: using nonblocking system calls Can not utilize MP achitectures Examples: Java, Netscape

7. One-to-one Model Each user thread has a kernel thread

8. One-to-one (cont.): Benefits Scalable parallelism Each kernel thread is a different kernel-schedulable entity; multiple threads can run concurrently on multiprocessors Multithreaded OS interface When one user thread and its kernel thread block, the other user threads can continue to execute since their kernel threads are unaffected

9. One-to-one (cont.): Drawbacks Expensive synchronization Kernel threads require kernel involvement to be scheduled; kernel thread synchronization will require a system call if the lock is not immediately acquired If a trap is required, synchronization will be from 3-10 times more costly than many-to-one model Expensive creation Every thread creation requires explicit kernel involvement and consumes kernel resources 3-10 times more expensive than creating a user thread

10. One-to-one (cont.): Drawbacks Resource inefficiency Every thread created by the user requires kernel memory for a stack, as well as some sort of kernel data structure to keep track of it Many parts of many kernels cannot be paged out The presence of kernel threads is likely to displace physical memory for applications

11. Many-to-Many Model Combing the previous two models User threads are multiplexed on top of kernel threads which in turn are scheduled on top of processors Taking advantage of the previous two models while minimizing both’s disadvantages Creating a user thread does not necessarily require the creation of a kernel threads; synchronization can be purely user-level

12. Pthread Tutorial Creating and destroying threads How to use POSIX threads

13. How to compile? $ gcc –o proj2 proj2.c –pthread The option specifies that pthreads library should be linked causes the complier to properly handle multiple threads in the code that it generates

14. Creating and Destroying Threads Creating threads Step 1: create a thread Step 2: send the thread one or more parameters Destroy threads Step 1: destroy a thread Step 2: retrieve one or more values that are returned from the thread

15. Creating Threads #include int pthread_create (pthread_t *thread_id, pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*thread_fun)(void *), void *args); - The #1 para returns thread ID - The #2 para pointing to thread attr. NULL represents using the default attr. settings - The #3 para as pointer to a function the thread is to execute - The #4 para is the arguments to the function

16. Thread Terminates Pthreads terminate when the function returns, or the thread calls pthread_exit() int pthread_exit(void *status); status is the return value of the thread A thread_fun returns a void*, so calling “return (void *) is the equivalent of this function

17. Thread termination One thread can wait (or block) on the termination of another by using pthread_join() You can collect the exit status of all threads you created by pthread_join() int pthread_join(pthread_t thread_id, void **status) The exit status is returned in status pthread_t pthread_self(); Get its own thread id int pthread_equal(pthread_t t1, pthread_t t2); Compare two thread ids

18. Example #include void *thread_fun(void *arg) { int *inarg = (int *)arg; … return NULL; } Int main() { pthread_t tid; void *exit_state; int val = 42; pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thread_fun, &value); pthread_join(tid, &exit_state); return 0; }

19. Kill Threads Kill a thread before it returns normally using pthread_cancel() But Make sure the thread has released any local resources; unlike processes, the OS will not clean up the resources Why? Threads in a process share resources

20. Exercise Write a multithreaded program that calculates the summation of a non-negative integer in a separate thread The non-negative integer is from command-line parameter The summation result is kept in a global variable: int sum; // shared by threads

21. Step 1: write a thread function void *thread_sum(void *arg) { int i; int m = (int)(*arg); sum = 0; //initialization for (i = 0; i <= sum; i++) sum += I; pthread_exit(0); }

22. Step 2: write the main() int sum; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pthread_t tid; if (argc != 2) { printf(“Usage: %s \n”, argv[0]); return -1; } int i = atoi(argv[1]); if (i < 0) { printf(“integer para must be non-negative\n”); return -2; } pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thread_sum, &i); pthread_join(tid, NULL); printf(“sum = %d\n”, sum); }

23. Exercise Write a program that creates 10 threads. Have each thread execute thesame function and pass each thread a unique number. Each thread should print “Hello, World (thread n)” five times where ‘n’ is replaced by the thread’s number. Use an array of pthread t objects to hold the various thread IDs. Be sure the program doesn’t terminate until all the threadsare complete. Try running your program on more than one machine. Are there any differences in how it behaves?

24. Returning Results from Threads Thread function return a pointer to void: void * Pitfalls in return value

25. Pitfall #1 void *thread_function ( void *) { int code = DEFAULT_VALUE; return ( void *) code ; } Only work in machines where integers can convert to a point and then back to an integer without loss of information

26. Pitfall #2 void *thread_function ( void *) { char buffer[64]; // fill up the buffer with sth good return ( void *) buffer; } This buffer will disappear as the thread function returns

27. Pitfall #3 void *thread_function ( void *) { static char buffer[64]; // fill up the buffer with sth good return ( void *) buffer; } It does not work in the common case of multiple threads running the same thread funciton

28. Right Way void *thread_function ( void *) { char* buffer = (char *)malloc(64); // fill up the buffer with sth good return ( void *) buffer; }

29. Right Way int main() { void *exit_state; char *buffer; …. pthread_join(tid, &exit_state); buffer = (char *) exit_state; printf(“from thread %d: %s\n”, tid, buffer); free(exit_state); }

30. Exercise Write a program that computes the square roots of the integers from 0 to 99 in a separate thread and returns an array of doubles containing the results. In the meantime the main thread should display a short message to the user and then display the results of the computation when they are ready.

31. Exercise In textbook 4.7 and 4.9