1. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Why do we need to do to determine neutrino fluxes to +- 10 -3 at a Neutrino Factory or Beta-beam? source: M. Apollonio et al, OSCILLATION PHYSICS WITH A NEUTRINO FACTORY arXiv:hep-ph/0210192 v1 13 Oct 2002 Flux Control and Resulting Constraints on the Decay Ring Design and Instrumentation

2. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Neutrino Factory – CERN layout    e + e   _ interacts giving   oscillates e     interacts giving    WRONG SIGN MUON 10 16 p/ s 1.2 10 14  s =1.2 10 21  yr 3 10 20 e  yr 3 10 20   yr 0.9 10 21  yr

3. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL why? In the high intensity scenario the event rates in the far detector are above 10 9 /yr/Mton  precision measurement of the mixing angle and mass differences. 2. the event rates in the near detectors are at the level of 10 8 /yr/kg  precision measurements of total cross-sections  structure functions  SM tests etc…

4. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Detector Iron calorimeter Magnetized –Charge discrimination –B = 1 T R = 10 m, L = 50 m Fiducial mass = 100 kT Baseline 3500 Km 732 Km 9 x 10 7 3.5 x 10 6 1.5 x 10 8 6 x 10 6 2.6 x 10 5 2.5 x 10 5  CC e CC  signal (sin 2  13 =0.01) Events for 1 year Also: L Arg detector: magnetized ICARUS Wrong sign muons, electrons, taus and NC evts *->

5. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Neutrino fluxes  + -> e + e   / e ratio reversed by switching     e   spectra are different No high energy tail. Very well known flux (aim is 10 -3 ) - absolute flux measured from muon current or by  e  ->   e in near expt. -- in triangle ring, muon polarization precesses and averages out (preferred, -> calib of energy, energy spread) -- E&   calibration from muon spin precession -- angular divergence: small effect if  < 0.2/  can be monitored -- in Bow-tie ring, muon polarization stays constant, no precession 20% easy -> 40% hard Must be measured!!!! (precision?)  polarization controls e flux:  + -X> e in forward direction

6. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Main parameters to MONITOR 1. Total number of muons circulating in the ring, 2. muon beam polarisation, 3. muon beam energy and energy spread, 4. muon beam angle and angular divergence. 5. Theory of  decay, including radiative effects Beam shape parameters are crucial for: the measurement of oscillation length (i.e.  m 2 ) Absolute normalisation is essential for the measurement of the mixing angles. The relative normalisation of the two muon charges crucial for: CP asymmetries. System where one stores a beam of decaying particles Neutrino Factory, (and Beta Beam?)  potential for excellent neutrino flux control

7. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL absolute number of muons in the ring: maybe the most difficult? Total beam current: Beam Current Transformer -- difficulties: 1. presence of decay electrons in the ring? Keil CERN-NUFACT Note 54 (2000), showed that the electrons are swept in the arcs and destroyed. Since the lifetime is 200 turns, the maximum fraction of electrons is 0.3/200 = 1.6 10 -3 at the end of a straight section, much less at the entrance of it.  Monitor should be placed at entrance of straight section 2. absolute calibration? 10 -3 difficult, impossible? 3. the most practical way to cross-normalize   vs    fluxes alternative: count the electrons at the exit of a straight. this has a nice feature of counting the decays the acceptance of the monitor (see polarimeter later) is tricky

8. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Absolute normalisation (ctd) -- Near detector will measure product of flux X cross-section -- better:   e -     e in a dedicated near detector. type of detector: ring imagind water cerenkov LA detector, pressurized gas detector small mass is enough as rates are high but cross-section is quite small. (10 4 ev/kg/yr.  need 100 kg.) Main problem is precise determination of fiducial mass and detection efficiency This provides an absolute normalization of the flux in the same way as bhabha scattering in e+e- colliders. Limitations: threshold (11 GeV) & only for   stored beam alternative is x e -   x  e - (assumes SM)

9. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL storage ring shielding the leptonic detector the charm and DIS detector from the precision of this sketch, it can be concluded that a lot remains to be done. for instance: is shielding necessary at all? Polarimeter Cherenkov

10. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Has a huge effect on the flux! e flux varies by 100% when P goes from –1 to +1  polarization controls e flux:  + -X> e in forward direction Muon polarization

11. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Muon Polarization Muons are born longitudinally polarized in pion decay Average  + helicity~ -18% Depolarization is small (Fernow &Gallardo) Effects in electric and magnetic fields is (mostly) described by spin tune: which is small: at each kick  of a 200 MeV/c muon the polarization is kicked by  in the high energy storage ring polarization precesses. Interestingly  for a beam energy of 45.3112 GeV: at that energy it flips at each turn.

12. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Muon Polarization muon polarization of 18% is too small to be very useful for physics (AB, Campanelli) 50% would be very useful. must be monitored precious for energy calibration (Raja&Tollestrup, AB) a muon polarimeter would perform the momentum analysis of the decay electrons at the end of a straight section. Because of parity violation in muon decay the ratio of high energy to low energy electrons is a good polarization monitor.

13. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL muon polarization here is the ratio of # positons with E in [0.6-0.8] E  to number of muons in the ring.  There is no RF in the ring. spin precession and depolarization are clearly visible This is the Fourier Transform of the muon energy spectrum amplitude=> polarization frequency => energy decay => energy spread.   E/E and  E/E  to 10 -6  polarization to a few percent. ==> averages out completely

14. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL If there is RF in the storage ring to keep the muons bunched, depolarization is suppressed. (synchrotron oscillations) Even in this case, the muon polarization, averaged over ~500 turns is very small (<<0.18/500 = 410 -4 ) and will be monitored.

15. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL muon polarization: triangle or bow-tie? This was true for a race track or triangle decay ring, in which polarization precesses. A bow-tie has been suggested to avoid this spin precession and depolarization (net bend is zero, so muon polarization does not precess either) This has several inconvenients: -- P is different for the two straights (who shall be pleased?) -- P cannot be reversed -- E and  E) can no longer be measured -- in order to know the flux to 0.1% on must know P to 0.1% and this is hard! end of the bow tie.

16. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL CERN baseline scenario

17. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Angular divergence If the muons have transverse momentum comparable to that of muon decay (50 MeV) the neutrino beam will be seriously degraded this corresponds to  = 0.5 m  /E   for the effect of uncertainty on beam divergence to affect the flux error by less than a few 10 -3 beam, divergence must be very small. I. Papadopoulos has calculated the effect.

18. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL 0.01/  0.05/  0.2/  0.5/  lose 20% of flux

19. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL divergence of 0.1/  keeps 95% of the original flux. Straight section with this property were designed for the US Study II and by Keil Divergence MUST be measured. A gas Cerenkov device to measure the beam emittance was devised by Piteira. Various efects were considered (optical aberrations, heating of gas, multiple scattering, etc…and concluded that the divergence is easier to measure the bigger it is so that this should not be a problem)

20. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Schematic of a muon beam divergence measurement device. A low-pressure He gas volume is contained by windows (one of which must be transparent) within a straight section of the the muon decay ring. The Cerenkov light is collected by a parallel to point optics in the direction of interest, so as to provide an image of the angular distribution of particles in the focal plane.

21. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL ‘Blowing the beam away’? In order for the Cherenkov *not to* increase the emittance or even ‘blowing the beam out of the machine’ it must be extremely light of beam is 0.1.m  = 10 MeV from multiple scattering is 15 MeV per sqrt(radiation length) 500 turns through the device should contribute less than 10 MeV. 10 MeV --> 11 MeV thus additional 5 MeV is OK. sqrt(10**2+5**2)= 11 (5 MeV) **2 = 500 *(15 MeV)**2 * x/X0 x/X0 = (0.3)**2 * 1/500 = 2 10 -4 i.e for mylar: 100 microns this is a challenge, but Helium gas must be contained. An alternative would be to place this device in a section with smaller beta (i.e a large angular divergence)

22. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Radiative effects Ratio of 1st/0th order neutrino flux Radiative effects by Broncano & Mena Dominated by the presence of a photon in the final state, which reduces the energy of the neutrinos and thus the flux in forward direction. (the total number of neutrinos emitted is constant of course) Effect is –0.4% with a slight distortion of the end-point. Error is small fraction thereof.

23. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Main parameters to MONITOR 1. Total number of muons circulating in the ring, BCT, near detector for purely leptonic processes 2. muon beam polarisation, polarimeter 3. muon beam energy and energy spread, race-track or triangle. NO BOW-TIE! +polarimeter 4. muon beam angle and angular divergence. straight section design +beam divergence monitors e.g. Cerenkov 5. Theory of  decay, including radiative effects OK Yes, we believe that the neutrino flux can be monitored to 10 -3 IF + design of accelerator foresees sufficient diagnostics. + quite a lot of work to do to design and simulate these diagnostics. Conclusions I

24. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL Main parameters to MONITOR 1. Total number of ions circulating in the ring, BCT, near detector for purely leptonic processes 2. ion beam polarisation, NO they are spin 0!  no problem 3. ion beam energy and energy spread, no polarization -- need magnetic field measurement. precision required a few 10-4 (evt. rate goes like E 3) 4. ion beam angle and angular divergence. beam divergence monitor e.g. Cerenkov 5. Theory of ion decay, including radiative effects To be done neutrino flux can probably be monitored to 10 -3 – somewhat more difficult than for muons, but not impossible. provided: + design of accelerator foresees sufficient diagnostics. + quite a lot of work to do to design and simulate these diagnostics. Conclusions II: and the Beta-beam?

25. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL CONCLUSIONS the configuration of a storage ring as neutrino source provides as expected, extrememly high precision on the absolute flux. The neutrino factory is extremely favourable in this respect, thanks in part to beam polarization. Triangle or racetrack are preferred, bow-tie should be banned. The basic elements of beam monitoring have been identified, but they remain to be designed, prototyped or tested. Beta beams have similar qualities although somewhat less easily achieved. The event rates are lower because of the lesser energy. Storage ring source = Precision neutrino physics!

26. Alain Blondel ISS3 RAL to do: 1. design of near detector station 2. investigate possiblity of BCTs that are precise to 10 -3 3. investigate Beam Cherenkov design that features 2 10 -4 radiation lengths in the beam or show that measurements in other parts of the ring (w. smaller beta) can be used to predict angular divergence in the decay straight. 4. confirm that Polarimeter can be built.