1. Prepared by KIRAN KUMARI KV Dipatoli Ranchi

2. Reproduction Reproduction: The process by which new individuals are produced is known as reproduction.

3. Most plants have roots, stems and leaves. These are called vegetative parts of plants.

4. Different organism reproduce in different ways but all these ways/ modes of reproduction can be put into two general categories: [a] sexual reproduction [b] asexual reproduction.

5. In sexual reproduction of plants male and female reproductive cells are involved. These female and male reproductive cells are collectively called gametes. In the process of sexual reproduction, a male and a female gamete fuses to form a single cell called zygote. This zygote gradually develops and grows into an adult, similar to the parents. An individual which grows from a zygote, formed as a result of sexual reproduction, receives characters of both male and female.

6. Structure of a Flower 1. Pistil 2. Stigma 3. Style 4. Ovary 5. Stamen 6. Filament 7. Anther 8. Petal 9. Sepal 10. Receptacle 11. Stem

7. Male Reproductive Structure The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen The filament is a stalk that supports the anther

9. In asexual reproduction, sex cells [gametes] are not produce. Thus, no such fusion of gametes take place for the production of springs. In asexual reproduction, new plants are produced without production of seeds or spores. In asexual reproduction, sex cells [gametes] are not produce. Thus, no such fusion of gametes take place for the production of springs. In asexual reproduction, new plants are produced without production of seeds or spores.

10. It is the type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced from vegetative parts, such as roots, stems, leaves and buds.

11. [1] vegetative propagation [2] budding [ 3] fragmentation [4] spore formation

12.  [ 1] It takes less time to grow and bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.  [2] The new plants are exact copies of the parent plant as they are produced from a single parent.

13. Plants, such as unicellular yeast plant, develops bulb like projection from the parent plant yeast called bud. The bud grows and gets detached from the parent plants and forms a new plant. Plants, such as unicellular yeast plant, develops bulb like projection from the parent plant yeast called bud. The bud grows and gets detached from the parent plants and forms a new plant.

14. Plants, like spirogyra alga, breaks up into two or more fragments of pieces. Each fragment grows into new individual.

15. The parts of plants, such as fungus like Mucor/ Rhizopus and yeast, which produce through spore formation under favourable condition is called sporangium.

16. The spores are asexual reproductive bodies. For survival, each spore is covered with protective coat to withstand unfavourable conditions such as high temperature and low humidity.

17. Flowers are the reproductive part of a plant. They help in sexual reproduction and producing fruits and seeds.

18. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, is called self-pollination. Generally,it occurs in bisexual flower. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, is called self-pollination. Generally,it occurs in bisexual flower.

19. The transfer of pollen from anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower of the same kind [species] is known as cross-pollination.

20. TTTThe distribution of fruits and seeds far and wide from their parents is called dispersal. The seeds which are light, small or have tufts of silky hair on their body are carried away to distant places by the wind. Seed dispersal is carried out by agencies like air, water birds and another animals including man.

21.  1. Name the various modes of sexual reproduction in plants?  Ans. [1] vegetative production [2] budding  [4] spore information [3] fragmentation   

22. 2. Name the male reproductive part of the flower? Ans. Stamen. 3. Write the name of female reproductive part of the flower ? Ans. Pistil 

23.  4. What are male gametes?  Ans. Anther contains pollen grains which reproduce male gametes.  5. What do you understand by the term pollination?  Ans. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma is called pollination.

24.  1.[a] Draw a diagram to show germination in ginger?  [b] What is the type of reproduction in ginger [c] If it is asexual reproduction then write type of asexual reproduction?  [d] Ginger is a root or stem? asexual or sexual?

25.  2.[a] Draw a diagram to show reproduction in yeast?  [b] Label yeast cell, developing bud, New bud chain of bud?  [c] Which type of reproduction takes place in yeast?

26.  3.Draw a diagram to show.  [a] stamen  [b] pistil   Label various parts of stamen and pistil.

27.  5. Draw a diagram to show  [a] self- pollination [b] cross - pollination