1. Cell Growth and Reproduction

2. Critical Thinking Challenge
Predict how you grow from a Toddler
Predict how your skin recover from a cut or sore
Predict how your fractured bones repair themselves
Predict what happens to cells when they grow too large
Answer to all challenge questions: Cell Division

3. Cell Division Cell Division
1__________________ is the process of cell growth and reproduction to maintain normal function. 2)_________________ is the regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division Why do Cell Divide? 1 2) 3)
The Cell Cycle
Cells must stay small
Repair
Reproduction

4. Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Formative Questions
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and
expel waste products?
larger cells
smaller cells
cells with lower surface area to volume ratio
cells shaped like a cube

5. CELL DIVISION in PROKARYOTES
Bacteria reproduce using
__________________________________
BINARY FISSION

6. Mitosis produces Diploid Cells
Somatic Cells
In _________________and single cell organisms
Somatic Cells= Body Cells
Example: ______________, red blood cells, white blood cells, nerves, stomach, brain cells, etc.
Daughter Cells chromosome number is ______ to the parent cell chromosomes #.
Parent and daughter cells are ________________
Mitosis produces ______ new _________ daughter cells
equal
Skin Cells
identical 2
diploid
Telophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Prophase

7. Cell Division occurs in ___ Main Stages5
Interphase
Stage 1-_________________- The longest phase. Cell growth and DNA replicate (copies)
G1-Growth- Longest
S-DNA replicated
G2-Mitosis Preparation
Stage 2-5___________-triggered when cell has grown too large and is the division of the cell’s nucleus
There are 4 phases within Mitosis Has 4 phases. _____________, ___________, ____________, __________
__________ division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

8. In what stage of the cell cycle does the
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Formative Questions
In what stage of the cell cycle does the
cell’s replicated genetic material separate?
cytokinesis
interphase
mitosis
prophase

9. At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Formative Questions
At what stage does a cell spend most of
its life?
cytokinesis
interphase
mitosis
synthesis

10. Mnemonic Device for Cell Cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

11. Interphase (G1 - S - G2) growing Cell is ___________
DNA is copied In between divisions
Cells are in this phase most of the time
DNA spread out as chromatin
Cell gets ready to divide

12. Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
cytokinesis
interphase
apoptosis
mitosis

13. Mitosis Phases Nuclear envelop Chromosones Prophase- Metaphase
The nucleus organize the chromatin material into chromosones.
__________________ breaks down.
Metaphase
Chromosones meet at the center of the cell.
Spindles attach to chromosones.
Nuclear envelop
Telophase
Chromatin forms from _________________
Cytoplasm pinches and form 2 nuclei appear
Anaphase
Chromosones are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
Nuclear Membrane appear
Chromosones

14. Which diagram shows anaphase?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Formative Questions
Which diagram shows anaphase?

15. At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Formative Questions
True or False
At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is
divided and two new cells have formed.

17. Which is the first phase of mitosis?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is the first phase of mitosis?
interphase
prophase
metaphase
telophase

18. During what phase do the sister chromatids
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
During what phase do the sister chromatids
line up in the middle of the cell?
interphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

19. Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides Daughter
Results in 2 new _______________ Cells
_____________ to the parent cells
In animal cells a _____________ forms In plant cells, a _________ forms.
Daughter
Identical
Cleavage furrow
Cell plate

20. What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Formative Questions
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?
The cell grows and carries out normal
functions.
The cell copies its DNA and forms
chromosomes.
The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material
divide.
The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

21. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Centromere
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming

22. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming

23. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming

24. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming

25. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming

26. Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Centrioles
Chromatin
Centromere
Nuclear envelope
Centriole
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Interphase
Prophase
Spindle
Cytokinesis
Centriole
Metaphase
Telophase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear envelope reforming

27. This cell has completed what stage of mitosis?
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Assessment Questions
This cell has completed what stage of
mitosis?
anaphase
interphase
metaphase
telophase

28. At what stage of interphase does the cell take
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test Practice
At what stage of interphase does the cell take
inventory and make sure it is ready for the division
of its nucleus? G1 S G2 M

29. Concept Map Cell Cycle Section 10-2 includes is divided into

30. Concept Map Cell Cycle Section 10-2 includes M phase (Mitosis)
Interphase
is divided into
is divided into
G1 phase
S phase
Prophase
G2 phase
Metaphase
Telophase
Anaphase

31. Meiosis zygote egg sperm
Meiosis is responsible for genetic variety in a species
This process is necessary for Sexual Reproduction!
Female gametes______
Male Gametes_______
Sperm + Egg=________
Zygote-> New individual that is genetically different from both parents.
Crossing over of Homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 leads to Genetic Diversity!!!!!!!!
egg
sperm

32. Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes23
Human body cells have________ pairs of chromosomes; which equals_______ total.
You get 1 set of 23 from Mom and 1 set of 23 from DAD
Homo=___________
*** Homologous chromosomes carry________ that carries the same inherited _________
Meiosis produces _________ gametes
Karyotope- an organized profile of a person's chromosomes 46
same
genes
traits 4
Chromatid
Centromere

33. WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ?
SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I)
SEGREGATION &
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (ANAPHASE I)
3. Skip INTERPHASE II (NO S)
CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT…
ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE

34. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
SAME SIZE
SAME SHAPE
CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS
BUT _______________________!
(Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES)
Image modified by Riedell
NOT IDENTICAL
Allows for__________
in different combinations
After crossing over, chromatids arms are_______________ anymore
Rearranging of DNA
NOT IDENTICAL

35. MEIOSIS One large cell will produce 4 smaller cells
Each cell will have ½ the normal number of chromosomes
Cells produced will fuse together during sexual reproduction
May be called egg and sperm or + and -

36. MEIOSIS Looks like two versions of mitosis
DNA does not duplicate second time through prophase
1 cell makes two identical cells, then each of these makes two cells with ½ the normal number of chromosomes
Egg cell and sperm cell combine to form zygote (new organism)
½ chromosomes in egg +
½ chromosome in sperm =
NEW ORGANISM WITH RIGHT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

37. Meiosis

39. Humans, animals, plants, fungi all organisms Crossing Over:
Meiosis vs
Mitosis
Definition:
A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell
Type of Reproduction:
Sexual
Asexual
Occurs in:
Humans, animals, plants, fungi
all organisms
Crossing Over:
Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.
No, crossing over cannot occur.
Number of Divisions: 2 1
Number of Haploid Daughter Cells produced: 4
Chromosome Number:
Reduced by half
Remains the same
Steps:
The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II.
The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
Cytokenesis:
Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II
Occurs in Telophase
Creates:
Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells
Makes everything other than sex cells