1. Last Study Topics
Company and Project Costs of Capital
Beta As a Proxy

2. Today’s Study Topics Capital structure and COC
Measuring the Cost of Equity

3. The Expected Return on Union Pacific Corporation’s Common Stock
Suppose that in mid-2001 you had been asked to estimate the company cost of capital of Union Pacific Corporation.
Table 1 provides two clues about the true beta of Union Pacific’s stock:
The direct estimate of .40 and the average estimate for the industry of .50.
Use the industry average of .50

4. Continue In mid-2001 the risk-free rate of interest rf was about 3.5%.
8% for the risk premium on the market,
You would have concluded that the expected return on Union Pacific’s stock was about 7.5%.
Expected stock return= rf +Beta(rm – rf)
= (8.0)
= 7.5%

5. CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND THE COMPANY COST OF CAPITAL
we need to look at the relationship between the cost of capital and the mix of debt and equity used to finance the company.
Think again of what the company cost of capital is and what it is used for.
We define it as the opportunity cost of capital for the firm’s existing assets;
we use it to value new assets that have the same risk as the old ones.

6. Company Cost of Capital simple approach
Company Cost of Capital (COC) is based on the average beta of the assets.
The average Beta of the assets is based on the % of funds in each assets.
Example
1/3 New Ventures B=2.0
1/3 Expand existing business B=1.3
1/3 Plant efficiency B=0.6
AVG Beta of assets = 1.3

7. Capital Structure R = rf + B ( rm - rf ) Requity = rf + B ( rm - rf )
Capital Structure - The mix of debt & equity within a company
Expand CAPM to include Capital Structure
R = rf + B ( rm - rf )
Becomes;
Requity = rf + B ( rm - rf )

8. Union Pacific Corp.
Example

9. Understanding
If the firm is contemplating investment in a project that has the same risk as the firm’s existing business, the opportunity cost of capital for this project is the same as the firm’s cost of capital; in other words, it is 12.75%.
What would happen if the firm issued an additional 10 of debt and used the cash to repurchase 10 of its equity?

10. Union Pacific Corp.
Example

11. Understanding
The change in financial structure does not affect the amount or risk of the cash flows on the total package of debt and equity.
Therefore, if investors required a return of 12.75% on the total package before the refinancing, they must require a 12.75% return on the firm’s assets afterward.

12. Solve for Equity
Since the company has more debt than before, the debt holders are likely to demand a higher interest rate.
We will suppose that the expected return on the debt rises to 7.875%.
Now you can write down the basic equation for the return on assets and solve for return on Equity. i.e.

13. Continue Return on equity = 16%
Increasing the amount of debt increased debt holder risk and led to a rise in the return that debt holders required (rdebt rose from 7.5 to 7.875%).
The higher leverage also made the equity riskier and increased the return that shareholders required (requity rose from 15 to 16 %).

14. Continue
The weighted average return on debt and equity remained at 12.75%.
What happen to cost of capital and return on equity,
If Co. has paid all of its debt and replace it with equity?

15. How Changing Capital Structure Affects Beta
The stockholders and debtholders both receive a share of the firm’s cash flows, and both bear part of the risk.
For example, if the firm’s assets turn out to be worthless, there will be no cash to pay stockholders or debtholders.
But debtholders usually bear much less risk than stockholders. Debt betas of large blue-chip firms are typically in the range of .1 to .3.

16. Continue
The firm’s asset beta is equal to the beta of a portfolio of all the firm’s debt and its equity.
The beta of this hypothetical portfolio is just a weighted average of the debt and equity betas:

17. Continue
If the debt before the refinancing has a beta of .1 and the equity has a beta of 1.1, then;
Beta assets = .8

18. Continue
What happens after the refinancing? The risk of the total package is unaffected, but both the debt and the equity are now more risky.
Suppose that the debt beta increases to 0.2.
Beta Equity = 1.2

19. Understanding
Financial leverage does not affect the risk or the expected return on the firm’s assets, but it does push up the risk of the common stock.
Shareholders demand a correspondingly higher return because of this financial risk.
Figure on the next slide shows the expected return and beta of the firm’s assets.
It also shows how expected return and risk are shared between the debtholders and equity holders before the refinancing.

20. Capital Structure & COC
Expected Returns and Betas prior to refinancing
Expected return (%)
Requity=15
Rassets=12.75
Rrdebt=7.5
Bdebt
Bassets
Bequity

21. Understanding After the refinancing.
Both debt and equity are now more risky, and therefore investors demand a higher return.
But equity accounts for a smaller proportion of firm value than before.
As a result, the weighted average of both the expected return and beta on the two components is unchanged.

22. Capital Structure & COC
Expected Returns and Betas prior to refinancing
Expected return (%)
Requity=16
Rassets=12.75
Rrdebt=7.875
Bdebt
Bassets
Bequity

23. Capital Structure and Discount Rates
The company cost of capital is the opportunity cost of capital for the firm’s assets.
That’s why we write it as rassets.
If a firm encounters a project that has the same beta as the firm’s overall assets, then rassets is the right discount rate for the project cash flows.

24. Continue
When the firm uses debt financing, the company cost of capital is not the same as requity the expected rate of return on the firm’s stock; requity is higher because of financial risk.
When the firm changes its mix of debt and equity securities, the risk and expected returns of these securities change; however, the asset beta and the company cost of capital do not change.

25. Continue
When companies discount an average-risk project, they do not use the company cost of capital as we have computed it.
They use the after-tax cost of debt to compute the after-tax weighted-average cost of capital or WACC.

26. Summary
Capital structure and COC
Measuring the Cost of Equity