1. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, Fifth Edition

2. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition2 Learning Objectives  Explain the foundations for the adaptive development methodologies  List and describe the features of the Unified Process system development methodology  List and describe the features of Agile Modeling  Compare and contrast the features of Extreme Programming and Scrum development  Explain the importance of Model-Driven Architecture on enterprise-level development  Describe frameworks and components, the process by which they are developed, and their impact on system development

3. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition3 Overview  The IS discipline is dynamic and always changing  More complex system requirements have necessitated a whole new set of tools The Unified Process (UP)‏ Radical, adaptive approaches, including Agile Development, Extreme Programming, and Scrum Model-Driven Architecture for enterprise-level systems Object frameworks and components to increase productivity and quality

4. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition4 Software Principles and Practices  Ubiquitous computing is the current trend in our society Using computer technology in every aspect of our lives  The effort to develop current solutions is demanding  Current trends in modeling and development processes use five important principles

5. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition5 Five Software Principles and Practices  Abstraction Process of extracting core principles from a set of facts or statement  Models and modelling An abstraction of something in the real world, representing a particular set of properties  Patterns Standard solutions to a given problem or templates that can be applied to a problem  Reuse Building standard solutions and components that can be used over and over again  Methodologies A process—including the rules, guidelines, and techniques—that defines how systems are built

6. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition6 Adaptive Approaches to Development  Opposite end of spectrum from predictive approaches (recall Chapter 2)‏  Allow for uncertainty  Use empirical controls, not predictive controls Describe processes that are variable and unpredictable Monitor progress and make corrections on the fly

7. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition7 Adaptive Approaches to Development— Characteristics  Less emphasis on up-front analysis, design, and documentation  More focus on incremental development  More user involvement in project teams  Reduced detailed planning Used for near-term work phases only  Tightly control schedules by fitting work into discrete time boxes  More use of small work teams that are self-organizing

8. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition8 The Unified Process (UP)‏  Object-oriented system development methodology (system development process)‏  Offered by Rational/IBM, UP developed by Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson  UP should be tailored to organizational and project needs  Highly iterative life cycle  Project will be use-case driven and modeled using UML

9. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition9 The Unified Process Life Cycle  UP life cycle Includes four phases which consist of iterations Iterations are “mini-projects”  Inception – develop and refine system vision  Elaboration – define requirements and design and implement core architecture  Construction – continue design and implementation of routine, less risky parts  Transition – move the system into operational mode

10. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition10 The Unified Process Life Cycle Figure 17-1

11. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition11 UP Phases and Objectives Figure 17-2

12. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition12 The UP Disciplines  UP defines disciplines used within each phase  Discipline – set of functionally related development activities  Each iteration includes activities from all disciplines  Activities in each discipline produce artifacts – models, documents, source code, and executables  Learning CIS/MIS means learning techniques from these disciplines

13. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition13 The UP Disciplines (continued)‏  Six main UP development disciplines Business modeling, requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment  Three additional support disciplines Project management, configuration and change management, and environment

14. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition14 UP Disciplines Used in Varying Amounts in Each Iteration Figure 17-3

15. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition15 UP Life Cycle Model Showing Phases, Iterations, and Disciplines Figure 17-4

16. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition16 The Agile Development Philosophy and Modeling  Agile Development Principles A philosophy and set of guidelines for developing software in an unknown, rapidly changing environment  Requires agility – being able to change direction rapidly, even in the middle of a project  Agile Modeling Principles A philosophy about how to build models, some of which are formal and detailed and others are sketchy and minimal

17. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition17 Adaptive Methodologies Using Agile Modeling Figure 17-5

18. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition18 The Agile Development Philosophy and Values  Responding to change over following a plan An agile project is chaordic – both chaotic and ordered  Individuals and interactions over processes and tools  Working software over comprehensive documentation  Customer collaboration over contract negotiation

19. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition19 Agile Modeling Principles  AM is about doing the right kind of modeling at the right level of detail for the right purposes Use models as a means to an end instead of building models as end deliverables Does not dictate which models to build or how formal to make those models Has basic principles to express the attitude that developers should have as they develop software

20. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition20 Agile Modeling Principles Figure 17-6

21. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition21 Agile Modeling Practices Figure 17-7

22. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition22 Extreme Programming (XP)‏  An adaptive, agile development methodology created in the mid-1990s  Takes proven industry best practices and focuses on them intensely  Combines those best practices (in their intense form) in a new way to produce a result that is greater than the sum of the parts

23. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition23 XP Core Values  Communication In open, frequent verbal discussions  Simplicity In designing and implementing solutions  Feedback On functionality, requirements, designs, and code  Courage In facing choices such as throwing away bad code or standing up to a too-tight schedule

24. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition24 Some XP Practices  Planning Users develop a set of stories to describe what the system needs to do  Testing Tests are written before solutions are implemented  Pair programming Two programmers work together on designing, coding, and testing  Simple designs “KISS” and design continuously

25. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition25 Some XP Practices (continued)‏  Refactoring Improving code without changing what it does  Owning the code collectively Anyone can modify any piece of code  Continuous integration Small pieces of code are integrated into the system daily or more often  System metaphor Guides members towards a vision of the system

26. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition26 Some XP Practices (continued)‏  On-site customer Intensive user/customer interaction required  Small releases Produce small and frequent releases to user/customer  Forty-hour work week Project should be managed to avoid burnout  Coding standards Follow coding standards to ensure flexibility

27. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition27 XP Core Values and Practices Figure 17-8

28. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition28 XP Project Activities  System-level activities Occur once during each development project Involve creating user stories to planning releases  Release-level activities Cycle multiple times – once for each release Are developed and tested in a period of no more than a few weeks or months  Iteration-level activities Code and test a specific functional subset in a few days or weeks

29. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition29 XP Development Approach Figure 17-9

30. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition30 Scrum  A quick, adaptive, and self-organizing development methodology Named after rugby’s system for getting an out-of-play ball into play Responds to a current situation as rapidly and positively as possible A truly empirical process control approach to developing software

31. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition31 Scrum Philosophy  Responsive to a highly changing, dynamic environment  Focuses primarily on the team level Team exerts total control over its own organization and work processes  Uses a product backlog as the basic control mechanism Prioritized list of user requirements used to choose work to be done during a Scrum project

32. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition32 Scrum Organization  Product owner The client stakeholder for whom a system is being built Maintains the product backlog list  Scrum master Person in charge of a Scrum project  Scrum team or teams Small group of developers Set their own goals and distribute work among themselves

33. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition33 Scrum Practices  Sprint The basic work process in Scrum A time-controlled mini-project Firm 30-day time box with a specific goal or deliverable  Parts of a sprint Begins with a one-day planning session A short daily Scrum meeting to report progress Ends with a final half-day review

34. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition34 Scrum Software Development Process Figure 17-10

35. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition35 Project Management and Adaptive Methodologies  Project time management Smaller scope and focused on each iteration Realistic work schedules  Project scope management Users and clients are responsible for the scope Scope control consists of controlling the number of iterations  Project cost management More difficult to predict because of unknowns

36. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition36 Project Management and Adaptive Methodologies (continued)‏  Project communication management Critical because of open verbal communication and collaborative work  Project quality management Continual testing and refactoring must be scheduled  Project risk management High-risk aspects addressed in early iterations

37. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition37 Project Management and Adaptive Methodologies (continued)‏  Project human resource management Teams organize themselves  Project procurement management Integrating purchased elements into the overall project Verifying quality of components Satisfying contractual commitments

38. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition38 Model-Driven Architecture  Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) is an OMG (Object Management Group) initiative Built on the principles of abstraction, modeling, reuse, and patterns Provides companies with a framework to identify and classify all system development work being done in an enterprise  MDA extracts current systems features and information and combines them into a platform independent model (PIM)‏

39. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition39 Model-Driven Architecture (continued)‏  Platform-independent model (PIM)‏ Describes system characteristics that are not specific to any deployment diagram Uses UML  Platform-specific model (PSM)‏ Describes system characteristics that include deployment platform requirements  A set of standard transformations by the OMG move a PSM to a PIM

40. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition40 Software Development and MDA Figure 17-11

41. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition41 Object Frameworks  A set of classes that are designed to be reused in a variety of programs  The classes within an object framework are called foundation classes Can be organized into one or more inheritance hierarchies Application-specific classes can be derived from existing foundation classes

42. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition42 Object Framework Types  User-interface classes Commonly used objects within a GUI  Generic data structure classes Linked lists, binary trees, and so on, and related processing operations  Relational database interface classes Classes to create and perform operations on tables  Classes specific to an application area For use in a specific industry or application type

43. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition43 Impact on Design and Implementation  Frameworks must be chosen early in the project  Systems design must conform to specific assumptions about application program structure and operation that the framework imposes  Design and development personnel must be trained to use a framework effectively  Multiple frameworks might be required, necessitating early compatibility and integration testing

44. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition44 Components  Software modules that are fully assembled and ready to use Reusable packages of executable code  Have well-defined interfaces to connect them to clients or other components Public interfaces and encapsulated implementation  Standardized and interchangeable Updating a single component does not require relinking, recompiling, and redistributing an entire application

45. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition45 Component Standards and Infrastructure  Interoperability of components requires standards to be developed and readily available  Components might also require standard support infrastructure Software components have more flexibility when they can rely on standard infrastructure services to find other components  Networking standards are required for components in different locations

46. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition46 CORBA and COM+  CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a standard for software component connection and interaction developed by the OMG An object request broker (ORB) provides component directory and communication services The Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) is used to communicate among objects and ORBs  Component Object Model Plus (COM+) is a standard for software component connection and interaction developed by Microsoft

47. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition47 Enterprise JavaBeans  Part of the Java programming language’s extensive object framework (JDK)‏  A JavaBean can execute on a server and communicate with clients and other components using CORBA A JavaBean implements the required component methods and follows the required naming conventions of the JavaBean standard  Platform independent

48. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition48 Components and the Development Life Cycle  Component purchase and reuse is a viable approach to speeding completion of a system Purchased components can form all or part of a newly developed or re-implemented system Components can be designed in-house and deployed in a newly developed or re-implemented system

49. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition49 Using Purchased Components— Implications  Standards and support software of purchased components must become part of the technical requirements definition  A component’s technical support requirements restrict the options considered during software architectural design

50. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition50 Monitoring System Performance  Examine component-based designs to estimate network traffic patterns and demands on computer hardware  Examine existing server capacity and network infrastructure to determine their ability to accommodate communication among components  Upgrade network and server capacity prior to development and testing

51. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition51 Monitoring System Performance (continued)‏  Test system performance during development and make any necessary adjustments  Continuously monitor system performance after deployment to detect emerging problems  Redeploy components, upgrade server capacity, and upgrade network capacity to reflect changing conditions

52. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition52 Services  New method of software reuse enabled by Internet— external services identified and used for applications  Called Web services and service-oriented architecture (SOA)‏  Microsoft.NET is service standard based on SOAP  Java 2 Web Services (J2WS) is service standard for services in Java

53. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition53 Component Communication Using SOAP Figure 17-14

54. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition54 Summary  Adaptive development methodologies Unified Process (UP)‏ Agile Modeling and Agile Development  Flexibility in an unpredictable business world Extreme Programming (XP)‏  Tests are written first; programmers work in pairs Scrum  Defines a specific goal that can be completed within four weeks

55. 17 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition55 Summary (continued)‏  Model-Driven Architecture (MDA)‏ Provides techniques for large organizations to integrate all software and all software development across the entire enterprise  Software reuse is a fundamental approach to rapid development Object frameworks provide a means of reusing existing software through inheritance Components are units of reusable executable code that behave as distributed objects