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2. A. Strengthening the Monarchy 1.Henry IV a)Converted to Catholicism (formally a Huguenot) b)Edict of Nantes – ended religious wars, guaranteed freedom of worship and political rights c)Worked on ending tax abuse. Appointed Duke of Sully to reform taxes, used taxes to improve trade and industry 2.Cardinal Richelieu a)Ruled France in lieu of Louis XIII who was sickly b)Political genius who worked to reduce strength of nobles, make the king the supreme ruler of France and make France supreme in Europe c)The Thirty Years’ War i.Protestant rebellion against Holy Roman Empire; ended with Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ii.Richelieu encouraged the war and tried to keep France out of the war directly iii.Treaty of Westphalia – France received Alsace, and weakened the HRE (Holy Roman Empire) 2 I. France

3. 3.Louis XIV (the sun king) a)Versailles – expense of palace strained the French economy b)Believed in the “divine right of kings”, declared “I am the State.” c)Domestic and economic policies – absolute power for king, increased French industry at home and trade abroad, reformed tax system, leading naval power 4.Wars of Louis XIV a)Fighting for new territory – natural borders, other nations fought for a balance of power b)War of the Spanish Succession – Treaty of Utrecht provided that French and Spanish monarchies could never be united c)Louis XIV’s legacy – France became a leading European power, but caused destruction, loss of life and resources, and loss of territory 3

4. A.Isolation and a New Dynasty 1)Asian influence – was under Mongol rule for 200 years 2)Religious differences – Russia was Eastern Orthodox instead of Catholic or Protestant. 3)Used the Cyrillic alphabet instead of the Roman alphabet. This made communication difficult. 4)Geographically separated from Europe – the country was land locked by other country 4 II. Russia

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6. B. Peter the Great (Czar Peter I, Peter Romanov) 1)Peter’s foreign mission – disguised as a regular person he visited several western European Countries, his attempt to form alliances against Ottoman Turks failed, but he learned many Western ways 2)Westernizing Russia – a)Moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg b)Improved training and weaponry c)Western architecture d)modernization in society 6

7. C. Catherine the Great 1.Catherine’s policies a)domestic policies were meaningless or harmful to most Russians, but foreign policies won new territory and extended the Russian empire 2.Poland – Russia split Poland with Prussia and Austria because Poland was arguing over the next king 3.Expansion eastward – Siberia and Alaska by 1741 7

8. Review (Sections 1&2) 1.In what ways did Louis XIV’ s approach to controlling the French nobility differ from that taken by Cardinal Richelieu? 2.Were the Wars that France fought under Louis XIV good for the country? Explain 3.In What ways was Russia isolated form western Europe? 4.How did Peter the Great use his power to change Russia? 5.How did Catherine the Great expand Russia’s territory? 6.Make a chart- Peter, Catherine – Strengths and Weaknesses 7.Make a chart – Henry IV, Richelieu – economy, religion, nobles 8

9. A. Habsburg (Austria) 1)Austria lost territory in Germany during the 30 yrs War 2)HR Emperor Charles VI died leaving his 23 year old daughter, Maria Theresa, as heiress 3)Pragmatic Sanction allowed her to inherit all Habsburg lands 9 III.Central Europe

10. B. The Rise of the Hohenzollerns (Prussia) 1)Frederick William a)Great Elector b)Ruled Brandenburg-Prussia after 30 yrs War c)Worked to rebuild the state d)Improved tax system, agriculture, industry, and transportation 2)Frederick William I a)sought to make Prussia a great power b)Properly equipped the army and trained them thoroughly c)efficient system of government d)Required all children to attend school 3)Frederick the Great (Fredrick II) a)highly intelligent b)expanded territory and prestige 10

11. C. Conflict Between Prussia and Austria 1)War of Austrian Succession – Frederick II marched in and took Silesia from Maria Theresa, This caused a war but Austria lost and Frederick II gained control of Silesia 2)The Diplomatic Revolution – Austria and Great Britain were once allied with the French but a reversal of alliances resulted in France and Austria opposing Prussia and Great Britain 3)The Seven Years’ War (the actual First World War)– a)began in North America as The French and Indian War b)Russia signed an individual treaty with Prussia c)King George of England backed out d)There was no clear winner and the treaty that was signed in 1762 confirmed Prussia’s hold on Silesia e)The Treaty of Paris gave most of France’s colonies in NA to Britain. 4)The years of peace – European powers reluctant to fight again, so rebuilt and strengthened kingdoms at home 11

12. A. The House of Tudor 1)Henry VII - the first of the House of Tudor, made England stable and prosperous 2)Henry VIII – Established the Anglican Church (Church of England) when the pope would not grant him a divorce. Edward VI succeeded him but died after 6 yrs. 3)Mary I – (catholic) daughter of Henry VIII became the first ruling Queen of England, married Philip II of Spain, Persecuted Protestant clergy but failed to destroy the Anglican church because persecutions were too extreme, had 300 people burned, “Bloody Mary” 12 IV.The English Monarchy

13. B. The Reign of Elizabeth I 1)Elizabeth I – (protestant) never married so she would not lose her power or ally with another nation, Greatest monarch England has ever known 2)Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots – Mary plotted to kill Elizabeth; Elizabeth had Mary beheaded 3)The Spanish Armada – English ships defeated “Invincible Armada” 4)Religious problems – Puritans wanted to rid church of all Catholic practices; Tudors persecuted non-Anglicans 5)Relations with Parliament – Parliament challenged royal power, but Elizabeth managed them skillfully a)House of Lords – Nobles b)House of Commons – gentry – land owners with no title, Burgesses – merchants and professional people in town 13

14. C. James I 1)Son of Mary Queen of Scots, ruled England and Scotland 2)Strong supporter of Anglican Church, which caused conflicts with Puritans 3)King James Version of Bible 4)Lacked economic, diplomatic skill – never collected enough taxes to pay for all of the countries expenses, 5)Did not fully understand English parliamentary system 6)Believed in divine right of kings 7)Ended up in War with Spain because of the opposition in parliament 14

15. Review (Section 3&4) 1.In what ways were the Habsburgs and the Hohenzollerns driven by similar motives? 2.How did Frederick William I differ form his father? 3.What marked Elizabeth I as a strong ruler? 4.In what ways did James I behave like an absolute monarch? 15