1. 1 A Brief History of VR Reading: Sherman & Craig, pp. 24-37 The Ultimate Display by Ivan Sutherland ©2003 Larry F. Hodges, ©2007 Ben Lok, ©2008 Sab Babu, ©2011 Zachary Wartell

2. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Organization zThree-Dimensional Display zVirtual Reality Systems zImportant Events

3. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges 3D Display y1838-1948 - Early Systems y1967 - Traub’s Varifocal Mirror y1979 - LEEP Optics y1970s - Computer- based stereo displays y1985 - Commercial LC shutter displays

4. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Early 3D Display 1838 - Wheatstone Stereoscope 1849 - Brewster Stereoscope 1903 - Parallax Barrier 1948 - Holography

5. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Volumetric Displays z1967 - Traub’s Varifocal Mirror z1981 – Larry Sher at BB&N SpaceGraph z1986 - Patent Number 4,607,255 UNC Chapel Hill

6. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Commercial Shutter Glasses for CRT-based Stereoscopic Display z Time-multiplexed stereoscopic display y1970s – PLZT Ceramic Shutters y1985 - Commercial LC shutter displays

7. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges LEEP Optics zEric Howlett, Pop-Optix Labs 1979 zLarge Expanse, Extra Perspective (LEEP) zOriginally for stereoscopic still photo viewing zLenses correct for intentional camera distortion zLater used in HMDs

8. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges LEEP Optics

9. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Virtual Reality Systems z1956 – Sensorama z1960 – Heileg’s HMD z1965-68 – The Ultimate Display z1983 – Video Place z1985 – NASA AMES z1986-89 – Super Cockpit Program z1990s – Boom Displays z1992 – CAVE (at Siggraph) z1995 - Workbench

10. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Sensorama Morton Heilig, 1956 Motorcycle simulator - all senses visual (city scenes) sound (engine, city sounds) vibration (engine) smell (exhaust, food)

11. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Heilig’s HMD (1960) Simulation Mask from Heilig’s 1960 patent z3D photographic slides zWFOV optics with focus control zStereo sound zSmell

12. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Ivan Sutherland zThe Ultimate Display (FIPS 1965) yData Visualization: “A display connected to a digital computer…is a looking glass into a mathematical wonderland.” yBody Tracking: “The computer can easily sense the positions of almost any of our body muscles.”

13. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Ultimate Display (cont.) yVirtual Environments that mimic real environments: “A chair display in such a room would be good enough to sit in. Handcuffs displayed in such a room would be confining, and a bullet displayed in such a room would be fatal.” yVEs that go beyond reality: “There is no reason why the objects displayed by a computer have to follow ordinary rules of physical reality with which we are familiar.”

14. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges First HMD-Based VR 1965 - The Ultimate Display paper by Sutherland 1968 - Ian Sutherland’s HMD

15. Molecular Docking Simulator c07 Ben Lok, c08 Sab Babu Incorporated force feedback Visualize an abstract simulation

16. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges 1983 - Artificial Reality Responsive Environment zIs an environment where human behavior is perceived by a computer which interprets what it observes and responds through intelligent visual and auditory displays zContained many of the ideas that define: yVR yContext Aware Computing zVideo Place [youtube]youtube z

17. Data Gloves Light, electrical or metal detectors compute “bend” Electrical sensors detect pinches. Force feedback mechanical linkages c07 Ben Lok, c08 Sab Babu

18. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges 1985 - Nasa Ames HMD zMcGreevy and and Humphries yWearable immersive HMDs yLCD “Watchman” displays yLEEP Optics zLed to VIVID, led by Scott Fisher

19. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Super Cockpit - Tom Furness zWright Patterson Air Force Base zVisual, auditory, tactile zHead, eye, speech, and hand input zDesigned to deal with problem of pilot information overload yFlight controls and tasks too complicated zResearch only yBig system, not safe for ejecting

20. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges FakeSpace Boom Display - early 1990s

21. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges CAVE - 1992

22. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Virtual Workbench-1995 (Responsive Workbench, Immersidesk, etc.)

23. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges VR Events z1985 - VPL Founded z1987 - VR in Scientific American z1990 – Siggraph Panel Session z1991 - ICAT (International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence) in Japan z1995 – IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 95). z1995 – Beginning of Clinical VR z1999 – VRAIS replaced by IEEE VR Conference

24. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges VPL Founded - 1985 zFirst VR Company zVPL Research by Jaron Lanier and Thomas Zimmerman yData Glove yTerm: Virtual Reality

25. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges VR Comes to the Public’s Attention 1987 Article by Jim Foley that features the VPL Data Glove

26. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges Siggraph 1990 Special Session: Hip, Hype and Hope – The Three Faces of Virtual Worlds Chair:Bob Jacobson, University of Washington Panelists:John Barlow, Author and Songwritter Nolan Bushnell, Aaps, Inc. Esther Dyson, Editor, Release 1.0, Analyst Tom Furness, Human Interface Technology Lab Timothy Leary, University of Pittsburgh Warren Robinette, University of North Carolina Randall Walser, Autodesk

27. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges 1995 - First IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (now IEEE VR) zVRAIS 93 in Seattle zResearch Frontiers in VR workshop at Visualization 93 z“Timothy Leary Wasn’t Invited” http://www.cs.uncc.edu/~lfhodges/UNCCVR/Fall03/VRAIS95.gif

28. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges 1995 - Effectiveness of computer-generated (VR) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia in American Journal of Psychiatry

29. ©2003 Larry F. Hodges First IEEE VR in 1999 z Announced at VRAIS 98 in Atlanta z First IEEE VR held in Houston in 1999 http://www.cs.uncc.edu/~lfhodges/UNCCVR/Fall03/VR99.pdf z now an annual conference z others: ACM VRST…