1. Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Ultrasonic test instruments have been used in industrial applications for more than sixty years. Since the 1940s, the laws of physics that govern the propagation of high frequency sound waves through solid materials have been used to detect hidden cracks, voids, porosity, and other internal discontinuities in metals, composites, plastics, and ceramics, as well as to measure thickness and analyze material properties.

2. Conventional UT Basic Theory
Sound waves are simply organized mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium. These waves will travel through a given medium at a specific speed or velocity, in a predictable direction, and when they encounter a boundary with a different medium they will be reflected or transmitted according to simple rules.

3. Conventional UT Basic Theory2 4 6 8 10
initial
pulse
Piezoelectric Transducer
back surface
echo
crack
echo
crack
plate
Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen

4. Conventional UT Probe Configuration
With a conventional UT probe, a single piezoelectric element converts an electrical signal into a mechanical vibration.
Source: NDT Resource Center (

5. Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)

6. What we see in Medical Ultrasonic Test

7. What is the Difference in Medical Ultrasonogram
and Phased Array Ultrasonic Test?
Nothing Special, Both are Phased Array Ultrasonic Test
Medical Industrial

8. Phased Array Probe Configuration
Essentially, a phased-array probe is a long conventional probe
cut into many small elements, which are individually excited.

9. Phased Array Probe Configuration
It is like having many small conventional UT probes integrated inside a single probe. …
128 elements !

10. How Does Phased Array Work?

11. Phased Array Angle Coverage
Angle beam covers from angle 40o to 70o with 1o angle increment.
30˚

12. Olympus OmniScan SX Phased Array Equipment

13. A-Scan, S-Scan and C-Scan

14. Weld Overlay System
Full weld overlay system that enables to visualize the relative position of indications in relation to the weld geometry. Easily Configure the Weld Geometry in the equipment. Such as type of weld joint, weld preparation angle, bevel height, bevel width, root gap, root face, thickness of the specimen etc.

15. Defect Positioning
Defect Positioning

16. Defect Sizing
Image sizing cursors available for X2 – X1 and/or Y2 – Y1 indication sizing
Defect can be accurately sized
X-direction i.e. defect length
Y-direction i.e. defect depth

17. Phased Array C-Scan: Report with complete information
Immediate report from the equipment can be transferable through pen drive.

18. Phased Array Ultrasonic Test Application
Ship Welding
Power Plant Gas Pipe Weld
Gas Field Pipe Line Weld
Power Plant Boiler Tube

19. Phased Array Ultrasonic Test Application
Steel Structure Weld
Small Boiler Weld Inspection

20. Comparison of RT and PAUT

21. Radiography – Practical Problems
Radiation safety
Licensing
Disruption to work area
Chemical wastes
Large volumes of film
Film storage and deterioration
Subjective interpretation
Relatively slow inspection
RT cannot size in vertical plane
RT poor at detecting planar defects.

22. PAUT vs. RT
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) potentially offers solutions to ECA
Capability of vertical sizing
Better detection of critical planar defects
Inspections tailored to weld profile and defects
Generally PAUT has better detection than RT, especially for cracks
Many trials performed globally
Overall results support PAUT as better quality inspections.

23. Economics of PAUT vs. RT Higher licensing costs for RT
Major headaches in shipping and storing isotopes
Higher cost in waste disposal, storage etc.
Cheaper PAUT Inspection Cost
No film cost in PAUT
No chemical cost in PAUT
No production interruption in PAUT.

24. Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
Radiography
Root Crack
Phased Array Image

25. Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
Radiography
Porosity
Phased Array Image

26. Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
Radiography
Inclusion
Phased Array Image

27. Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
Radiography
Lack of Root Fusion
Phased Array Image

28. Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
Radiography
Concave of Root
Phased Array Image

29. PAUT vs. RT Advantages

30. PAUT vs. RT Advantages
Many functional advantages from switching from RT to PAUT.
No radiation
No licensing
No chemical wastes
Less subjective data interpretation
Minimizes data storage problems
Minimizes materials handling issues
Minimizes production disruptions
Better detection of planar defects
Can size in vertical plane for ECA
Lower reject rates
Fast and cost effective

31. PAUT Code Updates

32. Codes
ASME Code Case N permits Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) for Replacement of RT with PAUT for feeder tubes in nuclear reactor.
ASME CC 2541 Permits Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) in Section V, Article 4.
ASME CC permits UT in lieu of RT in Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2.
ASME CC 2557 permits PAUT S-Scan in Section V, Article 4.
ASTM has published three Standard Practices: 2491, 2700, 2904
ISO, Chinese, Japanese working on PAUT codes.

33. Thank You
Any Questions?