1. 9 The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

2. Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.1
Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

3. Function of the Respiratory System
Gas exchange
provides a constant supply of oxygen
eliminates carbon dioxide
Cardiopulmonary system
respiratory system and cardiovascular system work collaboratively to conduct gas exchange

4. Function of the Upper Respiratory System
Filter and remove foreign particles from inhaled air
Humidify and control the temp. of the inhaled air
Produce sound (voice)
Provide and sense of smell (olfactory sense)
Aid in immune defense
Conduct air to the lower respiratory tract

5. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

6. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the nose
nares – 2 openings where air enters

7. Nasal Cavity nasal septum vestibular region olfactory region
divides the nasal cavity into left and right chambers
vestibular region
front of the nasal cavity
contain nasal hairs which trap and prevent particles from entering the nose
olfactory region
contains olfactory receptors – provide sense of smell
respiratory cavity
lined with a mucosal membrane
warms the air that we breathe

8. Nasal Cavity conchae 3 uneven scroll-like nasal bones
superior, middle, and inferior conchae
create 3 passageways so more particles can be trapped in the mucous membranes

9. Nasal Cavity palate uvula anterior portion supported by bone
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth
hard palate
anterior portion supported by bone
soft palate
posterior portion composed of soft muscle and tissue
cleft palate
parts of the palate do not completely fuse together during fetal development
uvula
small mass of connective tissue hanging from the soft palate
prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

10. Cleft Palate

11. Sinuses air-filled cavities that surround the nose
lined with mucous membranes
4 sinuses – frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
sinus infection – causes the sinuses to become swollen and filled with fluid and germs

12. Sinusitis

13. Pharynx
muscular passageway that transports air, food, and liquids from the nasal and oral cavities to the trachea and esophagus
part of both the digestive and
respiratory system
composed of nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
nasopharynx transports air
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
transport air, food, and liquid

14. Pharynx
tonsils
pharyngeal tonsil – located in the upper part of the nasopharynx
palatine and lingual tonsils – located in the upper portion of oropharynx
bacteria and other pathogens become trapped in the tonsils – line of defense

15. Larynx voice box located inferior to the pharynx
transports air and food to the proper passageways
composed of 8 cartilaginous plates
largest cartilaginous plate, thyroid cartilage, is the Adam’s apple
epiglottis
flap of cartilaginous tissue
as food or liquid is swallowed, the epiglottis covers the pharynx preventing the food and liquid from entering the trachea
vocal cords – a pair of folds that vibrate to produce sound
glottis – space between the vocal cords

16. Larynx

17. Trachea
windpipe
extends from the end of the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra
walls are lined with a mucous membrane containing ciliated epithelium
c-shaped rings
anterior side contains rigid cartilage that provides support
posterior side doesn’t contain cartilage and provides flexibility

18. The Upper Respiratory Tract

19. Bronchi primary bronchi secondary and tertiary bronchi bronchioles
extends from the bottom of the trachea to the left and right lungs
wider and shorter bronchus on the right also hangs more vertically
secondary and tertiary bronchi
branch out from the primary bronchi
bronchioles
branch out from the tertiary bronchi

20. Alveoli grape-like clusters at the ends of bronchioles air-filled sacs
main site of gas exchange in the lungs
walls are composed of thin squamous epithelial cells
surfactant – phospholipid that coats the walls
reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing
macrophages – bacteria ingesting cells inside alveoli
pores of Kohn – small opening in the alveolar wall that allow gases and macrophages to pass
Lungs

21. Alveolar Capillary Membrane
made up of alveoli and surrounding capillaries
allows oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli to the capillaries
allows carbon dioxide to be transported from the blood into the alveolar sac
gas exchange occurs rapidly because:
large surface area of lungs
alveolar capillary membrane is very thin
gas exchange occurs by diffusion

22. Lungs mediastinum apex base
central area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
apex
upper part of lung
base
lower part of lung that rests on the diaphragm
right lung has 3 lobes – superior, middle, and inferior lobes
left lung has 2 lobes – superior and inferior lobes

23. Lungs pleural sac composed of 2 slippery serous membranes
parietal pleura – lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm
visceral pleura – covers lungs

24. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: surfactant, apex, epiglottis, conchae.
1. lungs
2. larynx
3. nasal cavity
4. alveoli

25. Respiration: Mechanics and Control
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.2
Respiration: Mechanics and Control

26. Respiration also known as breathing
air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area

27. Respiration four key tasks involved in respiration
pulmonary ventilation
air is moved continuously into and out of the lungs
external respiration
oxygen from outside the body fills the lungs and alveoli
allows gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary blood
respiratory gas transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood to and from different body tissues
internal respiration
gas exchange occurs between the tissues and capillaries

28. Respiration Boyle’s law
as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases
at rest, both atmospheric (outside of body) and intrapulmonary (inside lung) are 760 mmHg
for air to be pulled into the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be less than the atmospheric pressure
when air is expelled from the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure
Boyle's Law

29. Respiration inspiration (inhalation) expiration (exhalation)
diaphragm contracts and flattens
intercostal muscles contract
thoracic cavity expands creating a vacuum and pulling air into the lungs
pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure
expiration (exhalation)
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
thoracic cavity shrinks pushing air out of the lungs
pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure

30. Respiration

31. Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers

32. Control of Breathing
average respiration rate for adults at rest = breaths per minute
Factors affecting the respiration rate:
gender – females have smaller lung capacities and therefore, greater respiratory rates
infants have greater smaller lung capacities and greater respiratory rates (40-60 breaths per minute)
postural position – standing almost doubles respiratory rate compared to a reclined position
exercise

33. Control of Breathing neural factors medulla oblongata pons
sets the normal breathing pace
pons
fine-tunes respiratory rate and depth
as the lungs fill with air, stretch receptors in the bronchioles and the alveoli trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent over inflation of the alveolar sacs
coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration

34. Control of Breathing chemical factors central chemoreceptors
located in the respiratory centers in the brain
respond to a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pH – indicates a high amount of CO2 in the body
increases the rate and depth to increase O2 and decrease CO2
peripheral chemoreceptors
located in the aorta and carotid arteries
stimulate respirations in response to changes in oxygen blood levels
mechanoreceptors
located in muscles and joints
detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise – increase ventilation

35. Control of Breathing

36. Lung Volume static measures air volume in lungs
measured by using a spirometer
may detect lung disorder or deficiency

37. Lung Volume dynamic measures air volume in lungs based on time
measured using a flow volume meter
often assesses the ability of the lungs to forcibly expire air in one second
can detect asthma or obstructive lung disease

38. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. The pons and medulla control breathing.
2. Static lung volume involves time.
3. Muscles contract in inspiration.
4. Larger gas volume, higher pressure.
5. Gas moves from low to high pressure.

39. Respiratory Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.3
Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

40. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

41. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses
avoiding URIs
cover when sneezing and coughing
wash hands
don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth
Influenza
viral infection
vaccine
icyimage/Shutterstock.com

42. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
acute bronchitis
inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the trachea and bronchial passageways
results from an ongoing viral infection such as influenza or the common cold
pneumonia
usually a viral or bacterial infection of the lungs
immune response to the virus or bacterium damages and sometimes kills the cells of the lungs
fluid builds up in the lungs, making gas exchange difficult

43. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
tuberculosis
highly contagious infection
most commonly attacks the lungs but can spread to other organs

44. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
causes
smoking
characterized by long term airway obstruction
living with COPD
STOP SMOKING!!!
purse-lipped breathing
helps maximize breathing and ease shortness of breath
patients inhale through their nose and slowly release the air through pursed or puckered lips
no cure

45. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
emphysema
chronic inflammation of the lungs that damages the alveolar ducts and sacs
damage to capillary bed
decreased lung surface area
poor gas exchange leads to hyperventilation
pink puffers
exertion from breathing causes patients to develop a pink appearance to the face

46. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi and mucous production obstruct airways
risk of bacterial infection
mucous production causes a decrease in respiratory rate with an increase in cardiac output
blue bloaters
face and lips turn blue due to hypoxia (lowered arterial blood oxygen content)
bloated appearance

47. Asthma asthma attack inflamed and narrowed airways cause bronchospasms
caused by allergens or irritants
treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways
xavier gallego morel/Shutterstock.com

48. Lung Cancer more deaths from lung cancer than other cancers
non-small cell lung cancer
more common lung cancer
common in smokers
spreads slowly
small cell lung cancer
less common lung cancer
spreads quickly

49. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: small cell, bronchospasms, decreased lung surface area, or infection. 1. An asthma attack includes _______________. 2. A symptom of emphysema is _______________. 3. The more common lung cancer is _______________. 4. Tuberculosis is caused by _______________.