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Quiz #2 Today Homework #4 Due Oct. 11 Exam #2 Oct. 11 Writing Assignment Due Oct. 27th
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Uniformly Mixed Pollutants – a pollutant emitted by many sources in a region resulting in relatively uniform concentration levels across the region (SOx, CO2) Non-uniformly mixed pollutants – pollutants that have different effects in different areas, depending on where they are emitted (water pollution from factories, sewage, and runoff from agriculture)
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Standards (Non-uniformly mixed pollutants) Taxes (Uniformly Mixed Pollutants) Permits (Uniformly Mixed Pollutants)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison- Wesley. All rights reserved. 16-4
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Hahn and Noll (1982) found that the CAC approach is cost effective compared to emissions trading Germany’s CAC control of SO2 also cost- effective. High damage and strong standards Little flexibility in control Monitoring control was easier
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100 permits 2-emitters pollute Source 1 – polluting 700 Source 2 – polluting 300 Gov’t wants to reduce to 800 tons of pollution using a permit market Marginal Control Cost where Q is quantity controlled. MCC(1)=1Q 1 MCC(2)=4Q 2
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Lottery (equitable) – Who buys and who sells? How many? Grandfathering (politically appealing) – Who buys and who sells permits? How many? Auction (government revenue generated) - What is the most each firm will bid to obtain all of the permits?
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