1. Arthur Nielsen Sam Selby

2. The English Reformation Act of Supremacy (1534) makes Henry VIII the Supreme Head over the Church of England This Act of Parliament is the official break with Rome, and Henry VIII is the first king in Europe to do so

3. John Wycliffe (1330-1384) Theologian, philosopher, reformer Opposed to the wealth and political power of the Church Pope Gregory XI condemns his theories in 1377 and calls for his arrest, but Oxford refuses to take action Vigorously attacks many institutions of the Church, including the doctrine of transubstantiation He and his followers produce the first complete English translation of the Bible

4. John Wycliffe (1330-1384) The Archbishop of Canterbury calls a convocation in 1382 which condemns his works and teachings Those who promote his views become known as Lollards The English authorities assert strict orthodoxy and ban any English translations of the Bible. The English Church concentrates on upholding its reputation as a good example to the rest of Europe. In 1428 his bones are exhumed and burned, and his ashes are thrown into a river

5. Good vs. Evil during Henry VII Absolute polarity of good and evil emerged in late- 1400s to early-1500s. World occupied by “evil” (temptation, greed) more commonly than “good.” Holy Trinity vs. Lucifer Tudor Interludes The Weather (1528), Nature (1495), and Hickscorner (1513). Lucifer in cyclic plays as ultimate source of antagonism

6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Augustinian monk, professor of biblical studies at Wittenberg in the Holy Roman Empire Through his own experience and his study of the Bible he becomes convinced that major points of Catholic theology are incorrect – he argues for “justification by faith alone” and “sola scriptura” – and he becomes a strong and vocal critic of the sale of indulgences During a series of debates he ends up denying the infallibility of the Pope

7. Henry VIII and his response to Martin Luther Henry VIII (1491-1547) Becomes King of England in 1509 Among many other talents, Henry is highly educated and is something of an amateur theologian In 1521, in response to Martin Luther’s writings, Henry and a team of theologians write The Assertion of the seven sacraments in defense of Catholic orthodoxy The Pope rewards Henry with the title “Defender of the Faith” Defensor fidei

8. The Tyndale Affair William Tyndale (1490? – 1536) English humanist who becomes convinced that all Christians should have access to the Bible in their own language Wycliffe’s translation of the Bible had been suppressed along with his writings, and England had also made it illegal to translate the Bible into English

9. The Tyndale Affair Translates the New Testament into English In 1524, unable to find a publisher in England, he goes to Germany and publishes the English New Testament Captured by Catholic authorities in Antwerp with Henry VIII’s support while translating the Old Testament Executed in 1536

10. “the King’s great matter” Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn

11. “the King’s great matter” Henry wants to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn Henry married Catherine in violation of Leviticus 20:21, which says that “if a man marries the wife of his brother, it is indecency…they shall remain childless.” (Catherine was previously married to Henry’s brother Arthur) He and Catherine have six children, including two boys, but the future Queen Mary is the only one who survives infancy, and because Henry wants a male heir to carry on the Tudor dynasty, he becomes convinced that God has cursed his marriage as the Bible promises.

12. “the King’s great matter” Henry believes he is living in mortal sin, and he also needs a male heir to ensure that the Tudor dynasty can survive his death. In order to annul his marriage, Henry needs a papal dispensation saying that his marriage had never been valid in the first place

13. “the King’s great matter” Pope Clement VII is unable to grant the annulment for primarily political reasons Most importantly, the Pope is currently a prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who happens to be the nephew of Catherine of Aragon and will not allow his family to be dishonored A 1529 trial at Blackfriars fails to grant the annulment because the Pope’s representative, Cardinal Campeggio, has secret orders to ensure that no annulment is granted

14. The Break with Rome After the failed trial of Blackfriars, Henry VIII begins to look for alternative ways to get his annulment In January 1533, Anne Boleyn finds herself pregnant Henry secretly marries Anne In May 1533, the new Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer rules without papal authority that the marriage to Catherine has been annulled and that Henry’s marriage to Anne is valid In September 1533, Anne gives birth to a daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth

15. The Reformation Parliament In 1529 repeals privilege of the clergy in courts of law In 1530 allows individuals to be convicted of a crime for appealing to a power outside of England for a situation inside of England (Praemunire) In 1532 limits the amount of money the Church can send to Rome In 1533 forbids all appeals to Rome whether religious or not

16. The Reformation Parliament 1534: 1) Act of First Fruits and Tenths transfers all taxes on ecclesiastical income from the Church to the Crown 2) Peter’s Pence Act outlaws landowners from paying a single penny to Rome 3) Act of Supremacy rules that the King is the Supreme Head of the Church of England 4) Treasons Act makes it high treason punishable by death to deny Royal Supremacy

17. Separation from Catholic Church of Rome Spirit of the Reform “Pope” = Antichrist (Devil’s agent on Earth) “Prince” = Christ Prince defends God’s laws against infidels who are depicted as Roman Catholics or Turks.

18. Thomas More (1478-1535) Famous English humanist Author of History of King Richard III and Utopia Vigorously attacks Luther’s theology and criticizes Tyndale’s translation of the Bible as flawed Lord Chancellor of England from 1529-1532, during the early years of the Reformation Parliament, and during this time he publishes seven volumes against heresy

19. Thomas More (1478-1535) Henry VIII tries to convince More to support the annulment, but after long study More decides that Catherine is Henry’s true wife and that no annulment can be granted Even as England is breaking away from Rome, Lord Chancellor More tries to preserve the old faith When he refuses to swear an oath agreeing to the Royal Supremacy, More is imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually convicted of treason and beheaded

20. The Dissolution of the Monasteries Between 1536 and 1539, Thomas Cromwell oversees the end of all monastic life in England Lands owned by the monasteries, about 15% of the land in England, passes to the Crown, and if Henry kept the land he would almost double his income However, most of the land is sold to the nobility and gentry in order to pay for Henry’s foreign wars, and this greatly increases the wealth and power of these classes at the expense of the Church The new landowners have an interest now in opposing a reconciliation with Rome, which might require them to give back their land

21. Protestantism in England At the time of Henry’s break with Rome, three main groups are interested in Church reform: 1) Lollards –followers of John Wycliffe and opponents of Catholic theology and the political and economic power of the clergy 2) Lutherans – committed or at least sympathetic to Luther’s Protestant theology 3) Christian humanists – committed to serious scholarship and Church reform However, Protestantism is probably not a widespread phenomenon; most people are still Catholic

22. Protestantism in England Henry VIII was not a Protestant, wrote against Luther, and even late in his reign he opposed Protestant theology, and during his reign the English Church remained fundamentally Catholic, only under the authority of the King rather than of the Pope However, many people close to the King during his break with Rome were Protestants or had Protestant sympathies (the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, the influential adviser Thomas Cromwell, and Anne Boleyn) Protestants were the most willing to cooperate with Henry’s plans to break with Rome

23. Religious persecution under Henry VIII He is suspicious of Catholics for their loyalty to the Pope and suspicious of Protestants for their doctrines In 1540 his influential adviser Thomas Cromwell is executed for heresy and treason (real crime: Anne of Cleves?) On a single day in July 1540, he hangs three Catholic priests as traitors and burns three Protestant preachers as heretics, including Robert Barnes, a prominent Lutheran academic Toward the end of his reign, he realizes that the only people he can trust to support his dynasty are Protestants, he sets up a regency council for his son Edward made up entirely of Protestants, and his own religious policies begin to move gradually toward Protestantism

24. Death of King Henry VIII Censorship and religious instability result in plays becoming much less religion-focused. (King Henry neither Catholic nor Protestant) Satire and comedy took over, making fun of everyday life and the way people act Characters are much more human Ralph Roister Doister (1552)

25. Edward VI (1537-1553) Son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour King of England (1547-1553) During his reign power is held nominally by a regency council, but in fact by two councilors (Edward Seymour until 1549, John Dudley until Edward’s death) Dies of disease (perhaps tuberculosis or pneumonia)

26. Protestant reform under Edward Edward is intellectually gifted and very interested in theology Raised as a Protestant, and during his reign the English Church incorporates a great deal of Protestant reform England attracts a large number of Protestant refugees from other European nations under Catholic rule With the rise of Protestantism in England, under both Henry and Edward, clergy begin to marry, and many religious images in churches are destroyed

27. Protestant reform under Edward Archbishop Cranmer produces the Book of Common Prayer in 1549 with a major revision in 1552; the original is a compromise between traditionalist beliefs and Protestantism, while the revision is much more Protestant England sees popular uprisings both for and against the religious innovations Edward and Lord Dudley, realizing that the King does not have long to live, try to remove the Catholic Mary from the line of succession by choosing the Protestant Lady Jane Grey as Edward’s heir

28. Mary I (1516-1558) Lady Jane Grey is recognized as Queen for several days, but Mary wins popular support and becomes Queen of England, and she reigns from 1553-1558 Devout Catholic, determined to restore England to Roman Catholicism after two decades of separation from Rome and several years of significant Protestant reform under Edward

29. Mary I (1516-1558) Marries Philip II of Spain, which angers many English for both political and religious reasons Brings back the antiheresy laws that were repealed during the reign of Edward VI Restores the relationship between the English Church and the Pope, separates married clergy from their wives, and restores the Latin Mass During the reign of Edward VI, England was a haven for Protestant refugees from other countries in Europe, but during the reign of Mary I, many Protestants flee to the Continent to escape Mary’s persecution

30. Mary I (1516-1558) About 300 Protestants are burned at the stake for heresy, most of those burned are ordinary people Thomas Cranmer’s execution: during his imprisonment signs six recantations of his Protestantism, but in front of a large audience in Oxford he unexpectedly and dramatically withdraws his recantations, and at his execution he sticks his own right hand into the flames, his “unworthy right hand” that had signed the recantations Mary dies in 1558 without producing an heir

31. Bloody Mary? About 300 Protestants are burned at the stake during Mary’s reign, but about the same number of Catholic priests are executed during the reign of Elizabeth Why Bloody Mary but not Bloody Elizabeth? A book named The Acts and Monuments but popularly known as The Book of Martyrs by the Calvinist preacher John Foxe becomes the most popular book in England after the Bible during the reign of Elizabeth – it is a polemical book about all the Protestant martyrs who had died for their faith up to the reign of Mary – this book shapes the way the English think about Catholicism for a very long time Confirmation bias? – we remember details that support our own beliefs and tend to forget or overlook disconfirming evidence

32. Queen Mary’s Reign Protestant ideas obviously suppressed. Gorboduc (1562) Although post-Mary, still reflects society, as anarchy and chaos ensues.

33. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Daughter of Anne Boleyn Raised as a Protestant Lives a precarious existence under the reign of her half- sister Mary, careful not to publicly involve herself in anything that might give Mary an excuse to get rid of her

34. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Becomes Queen of England upon the death of Mary and reigns from 1558- 1603 The Elizabethan Settlement if often considered a compromise between Protestantism and traditional Catholicism, but it is unmistakably Protestant She restores many of the Edwardian reforms The English Church thinks Protestant and looks Catholic: theology is Protestant but maintains ritual and hierarchy similar to that of Catholicism

35. The Rise of Puritanism Many of the Marian exiles had gone to places like Calvin’s Geneva (a Protestant theocracy strictly ruled based on Calvinist principles) Many of these exiles now return to England, including John Knox, who returns to his native Scotland and leads the Scottish Reformation Two books that came back to England from Geneva (The Geneva Bible and The Book of Martyrs) “provided justification to English Protestants to view England as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation” (Britannica Online) An Elizabethan pamphleteer calls the puritans “the hotter sort of protestants”

36. A Church But Halfly Reformed William Fuller to Queen Elizabeth: “For your Majesty hath so insufficiently heard, believed, and taken to heart what God hath commanded you, and so weakly and coldly obeyed, and followed the same … that but halfly by your Majesty hath God been honored, his Church reformed and established, his people taught and comforted, his enemies rejected and subdued, and his lawbreakers punished.” “When the puritans attacked the imperfections of the Elizabethan religious settlement, it was not so much to request a toleration of their own consciences as to demand the imposition of true reformation, as they understood it, on the whole Church and nation, by public authority.” (Patrick Collinson)

37. What do they want? A church that only recognizes the authority of scripture (stop recognizing tradition and ecclesiastical councils) The Book of Common Prayer retains too many of the old rituals they associate with Catholicism Eliminate the elaborate dress of the clergy Eliminate signing with the cross, the rite of confirmation, terms like “priest” and “absolution”, the observation of saints’ days, “exquisite singing in parts”, church organs A Church that puts God’s word ahead of political and worldly concerns

38. Preaching Preachers travel around the country and receive a great deal of support Towns and churches hire these preachers even though they are not part of the official program of the established Church Prophesyings: biblical conferences where several preachers engage in a serious academic discussion of the scriptures, or in which the scriptures are expounded to a public audience

39. The Results of Puritan preaching A great deal of success in the growth of the Puritan wing of the Church of England, among both commoners and the upper classes A few Puritans become Separatists, and one of these groups are the so-called Pilgrims who come to New England on the Mayflower, but the vast majority try to reform the Church from within Elizabeth tries to suppress the prophesyings and limit the number of preachers, and is unwilling to make the changes demanded by the Puritans Replaces one Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindal, who is unwilling to persecute Puritans, with Archbishop Whitgift, who is willing

40. Catholicism under Elizabeth All of the key government and Church positions are filled by Protestants, although many people in the country remain Catholic, especially in the north of England A 1569 Catholic revolt led by aristocrats is put down by savage military force In 1571 the Queen’s spies uncover an international plot by Catholics against her life In 1570, Pope Pius V issues a Bull condemning Queen Elizabeth as a heretic In 1580, Pope Gregory XIII declares that ridding the world of Elizabeth would be no sin Harsh laws passed against Catholicism, even making it treason just to be a Catholic priest in England (about 300 executed)

41. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Elizabeth’s cousin, next in line for the English throne, and the rightful Queen of England in Catholic eyes The Catholic hopes rest on Mary, Queen of Scots, who spends much of Elizabeth’s reign as the Queen’s prisoner, but after the spymaster Francis Walsingham tricks Mary into giving her approval for an assassination attempt on the Queen, Elizabeth gives her consent to execute Mary, which takes place in 1587

42. Elizabethan Drama Outpouring of creativity in literature and drama. Largest flourishing of English drama in history. Audiences wanted excitement; bull- fighting and bear-baiting were popular. In A Winter’s Tale, Antiginous is eaten by a bear. Gloucester has his eyes gouged out. Purists did not like addition of comedy at points of high drama, which was common in Shakespearian drama.

43. Elizabethan Drama Free will is a theme in drama. Characters experience free will, but prosper or suffer as a result of their decisions. Conflict of Conscience (1572) Re-emergence of freethinking individuals in the Renaissance.

44. Elizabethan Authors Sir Francis Bacon William Shakespeare Ben Johnson Sir Philip Sidney

45. James I (1566-1625) James VI of Scotland (1567-1625) becomes James I of England (1603-1625) when Elizabeth dies Taken away from his mother Mary Stuart at a young age and raised as a Protestant More or less continues the religious policies of Elizabeth, persecuting Catholics and disappointing Puritans Gunpowder plot (1605): failed plot by Guy Fawkes and other Catholic conspirators to kill the King and allow Catholics to take over the country Authorized Version (King James Version) by 54 scholars under James’s authority; published in 1611

46. Charles I (1600-1649) King of England and Scotland (1625-1649) “constitutionally incapable of being a constitutional monarch” (Simon Schama) Authoritarianism and quarrels with Parliament lead to the English Civil War Executed as a traitor and tyrant by the victorious Parliamentary army

47. Religious aspects of the Civil War House of Commons dominated by Puritans (Low Church) The King supports the established church, with its rituals and hierarchy (High Church) This religious difference is an important aspect of the arguments between King and Parliament and of the hostility between Roundheads and Cavaliers during the war Imposes the English Book of Common Prayer on Scotland, which inspires a massive Scottish revolt It is the combined forces of the Scots and the Parliamentary army (Roundheads) that end up defeating the Royalists (Cavaliers)

48. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Parliamentary general during the Civil War Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1653-1658) Committed Calvinist, committed to a Puritan England, but also believes in religious tolerance This environment allows new sects like the Quakers to have religious freedom and allows Jews to worship freely for the first time since their expulsion centuries ago

49. The Restoration (1660) Charles II (1630-1685; crowned in 1660) when most people in England want a return to a stable and peaceful monarchy Although Charles wants religious toleration, a popular wave of enthusiasm for the old English Church gives rise to a House of Commons that wants little to do with Puritanism and restores the High Church of the earlier Stuart monarchs

50. The Restoration (1660) Severe persecution by the Anglican authorities against dissenters and Puritans Charles II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, is secretly sympathetic to Roman Catholicism and in fact converts to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed

51. Conclusions A. G. Dickens: The English Reformation (1964) 1) emphasizes the role of Protestant religious ideology and popular support for the Reformation rather than the political decisions of kings and queens 2) even if Henry VIII had not decided to annul his marriage, the forces for religious change would still have led to an English Reformation 3) “Beyond question, its original motivation and power derived less from politics than from religion, and from the many semi-religious problems besetting the Church.”

52. Conclusions Christopher Haigh: The English Reformation Revised (1987) 1) points out that prior to the Reformation the vast majority of English held orthodox Catholic beliefs and were content with the state of the Church 2) argues against the rapid spread of Protestantism in England 3) argues that each step taken in the Reformation occurred “because it suited the immediate interests of princes and politicians” 4) “There was no cataclysmic Reformation, to be explained by mass enthusiasm or a revolutionary party. Instead, there was a piecemeal Reformation, to be explained by the chances of day-to-day politics.”

53. Sources Britannica Online Collinson, Patrick. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement, 1967. Dickens, A. G. The English Reformation, 1964. Haigh, Christopher, ed. The English Reformation Revised, 1987. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: A History, 2003. Manchester, William. A World Lit Only By Fire, 1992.

54. Sources http://www.rtjournal.org/vol_6/no_1/pilkinton.html http://www.eldrbarry.net/heidel/ereftl.pdf http://members.fortunecity.com/fabianvillegas2/dra ma/english.htm