1. Spatial Statistics Point Patterns

2. Spatial Statistics Increasing sophistication of GIS allows archaeologists to apply a variety of spatial statistics to their data –Predictive Modeling –Intra-site Spatial Analysis

3. Predictive Modeling 1 Goal is to predict where sites will be located Usually involves two samples: known sites, surveyed areas where sites have not been found For each group, we collect data: slope, aspect, distance to water, soil, vegetation zone, etc

4. Predictive Modeling 2 Must convert nominal scales to dichotomies or an interval scale of some kind Analysis by logistic regression or discriminant functions For new areas we compute the probability that a site will be found

5. Predictive Modeling 3 Problems: –Usually purely inductive –Goal is management not anthropology –Independent variables are those gathered for other reasons

6. Intra-Site Spatial Analyses Nearest Neighbor –Can use on any point plot data (sites, houses, artifacts) –Find distance to nearest neighbor for each item –Mean nearest neighbor compared to expected value (random distribution)

7. Nearest Neighbor If observed mean distance is significantly less than expected, the points are clustered If the mean distance is significantly more than expected, the points are evenly spread But problems with borders

8. Mean Distance = 1.04 Expected Dist = 0.81 Probability = 0.008 * R = Mean/Exp = 1.29 Mean Distance =.74 Expected Dist = 0.63 Probability = 0.091 R = Mean/Exp = 1.18 Mean Distance = 0.52 Expected Dist = 0.78 Probability = 0.002 * R = Mean/Exp = 0.67 ClusteredRandomRegular

9. Point Patterns in R Package spatstat Create a ppp object (point process) Plotting and analytical tools are extensive

10. # Fix duplicate coordinates by adding 1-2 mm to each load("C:/Users/Carlson/Documents/Courses/Anth642/R/Data/BTF3a.RData") Win3a <- data.frame(x=c(982,982,983,983,984.5,985,985,987,987,986.2, 985,985,984.5,984,983.5,983,982.7,982.5), y=c(1015.5,1021,1021,1022,1022,1021.3,1018,1018,1017.6,1017, 1017,1016.9,1016.8,1016.6,1016.3,1016,1015.6,1015.5)) # coordinates must be counterclockwise Win3a <- Win3a[order(as.numeric(rownames(Win3a)), decreasing=TRUE),] library(spatstat) BTF3a.p <- ppp(BTF3a$East, BTF3a$North, window=owin(poly=Win3a, unitname=c("meter", "meters")), marks=BTF3a$Type) summary(BTF3a.p) plot(BTF3a.p, main="Bifacial Thinning Flakes", cex=.75, chars=16, cols=c("red", "blue", "green")) legend("topright", c("BTF", "CBT", "NCBT"), pch=16, col=c("red", "blue", "green")) plot(split(BTF3a.p), main="Bifacial Thinning Flakes") mtext("BTF = Fragments CBT = Cortex NCBT = No Cortex", side=1)

11. Marked planar point pattern: 230 points Average intensity 12.8 points per square meter Multitype: frequency proportion intensity BTF 87 0.378 4.86 CBT 49 0.213 2.74 NCBT 94 0.409 5.25 Window: polygonal boundary single connected closed polygon with 18 vertices enclosing rectangle: [982, 987]x[1015.5, 1022]meters Window area = 17.91 square meters Unit of length: 1 meter

14. plot(982, 982, xlim=c(982, 987), ylim=c(1015, 1022), main="Bifacial Thinning Flakes", xlab="", ylab="", axes=FALSE, asp=1, type="n") contour(density(BTF3a.p, adjust=.5), add=TRUE) polygon(Win3a) points(BTF3a.p, pch=20, cex=.75) plot(density(BTF3a.p, adjust=.5), main="Bifacial Thinning Flakes") polygon(Win3a, lwd=2) points(BTF3a.p, pch=20, cex=.75) plot(density(BTF3a.p, adjust=.5), main="Bifacial Thinning Flakes") polygon(Win3a, lwd=2) points(BTF3a.p, pch=20, cex=.75) windows(10, 5) V <- split(BTF3a.p) A <- lapply(V, density, adjust=.5) plot(as.listof(A), main="Bifacial Thinning Flakes")

18. Tab <- quadratcount(BTF3a.p, xbreaks=982:987, ybreaks=1015:1022) quadrat.test(Tab) # Warning: Some expected counts are small; chi^2 approximation may # be inaccurate # Chi-squared test of CSR using quadrat counts # data: # X-squared = 274.8859, df = 19, p-value < 2.2e-16 # Quadrats: 20 tiles (levels of a pixel image) E <- kstest(BTF3a.p, "x") plot(E) N <- kstest(BTF3a.p, "y") plot(N) E N

21. Spatial Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of CSR data: covariate 'x' evaluated at points of 'BTF3a.p' and transformed to uniform distribution under CSRI D = 0.1101, p-value = 0.007611 alternative hypothesis: two-sided Spatial Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of CSR data: covariate 'y' evaluated at points of 'BTF3a.p' and transformed to uniform distribution under CSRI D = 0.2891, p-value < 2.2e-16 alternative hypothesis: two-sided

22. Gest(BTF3a.p) plot(Gest(BTF3a.p), main="Nearest Neighbor Function G") # Above poisson is clustered, below is regular plot(envelope(BTF3a.p, Gest, nsim=39, rank=1), main="Nearest Neighbor Envelope") # The test is constructed by choosing a fixed value of r, and rejecting the null # hypothesis if the observed function value lies outside the envelope at this # value of r. This test has exact significance level alpha = 2 * nrank/(1 + nsim). plot(envelope(BTF3a.p, Gest, nsim=19, rank=1, global=TRUE), main="Global Nearest Neighbor Envelope") # The estimated K function for the data transgresses these limits if and only if # the D-value for the data exceeds Dmax. Under H0 this occurs with probability # 1/(M + 1). Thus, a test of size 5% is obtained by taking M = 19. plot(alltypes(BTF3a.p, "G")) plot(alltypes(BTF3a.p, "Gdot"))