1. Illegal Downloading Anya Goodman CIS 1055 Section 6 Goodman 1

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3. Overview Introduction A Brief History of P2P File Sharing Legal Ramifications What’s legal, and what isn’t? Ethical Considerations A look at BOTH sides of the issue Educational Concerns Our charge as educators. Fair Use Goodman 3

5. What is going on? Goodman 5 and hundreds more!

6. Peer-To-Peer File Sharing Services allow users to download and upload various file formats over the Internet Goodman 6

7. Users utilize this service ILLEGALLY Goodman 7

8. Most users download music and next burn those songs onto a blank CD. Many rip tracks from CD’s which they have bought and share them with everyone. Goodman 8

9. Win MX Goodman 9

10. KaZaA Goodman 10

11. LimeWire Ratings Goodman 11

12. A Brief History of PSP File Sharing 1995-1997 FTP (file transfer protocol) file sharing and free Homepage file sharing become the major way to share files 1997 Hotline, or ICQ (messenger) become the major way to share files 1999 Napster becomes the major way to share files. Napster changed the way of sharing files than before because this service lets peers download music files and also the capacity of it is much greater than other file sharing programs before. 2001 File sharing application called WinMX was made. Goodman 12

13. What is not legal and what is? Goodman 13

14. US Copyright Act of 1976 Copyright literally means the right to copy. Congress passed the Act to protect the authors both creatively and financially. Musically this means: The copyright in the musical composition, i.e. the actual lyrics and notes on paper. This is usually owned by the songwriter or music publisher. The copyright in the sound recording, i.e. the recording of the performer singing or playing a given song. This is usually owned by the record company. Titles 17 and 18 of the U.S. Code protect copyright owners from the unauthorized reproduction, adaptation or distribution of sound recordings, as well as certain digital performances to the public. Goodman 14 Source: Althouse, 1997

15. What is Legal? It is legal to copy songs from an existing CD that you have purchased for your own use (compilation). It is considered fair use to then use that CD in the classroom for evaluation, rehearsal, exercises, or examinations. It is legal to download MIDI files of music that is in the public domain (unless the specific arrangement is copyrighted) and burn them on to a CD. It is legal to download music when the copyright owner gives permission or when you utilize a legal music downloading website. Goodman 15

16. What is Illegal? It is illegal to download copyright protected songs from the Internet without paying for them. It is illegal to upload songs onto a P2P File Sharing Service. It is illegal to burn those songs on to a CD, even for personal use. It is illegal to burn a compilation CD for another person, even if you paid for the CD’s that you use to make the compilation Goodman 16

17. Under current US Copyright Law it is technically illegal to record your performance ensemble without permission from the publisher even if only for archival purposes.. It is illegal to burn and sell CD’s or videos of a performance without written permission from each publisher as well as the payment of a Mechanical Licensing Fee even if you are making less than 500 copies. Many P2P Websites now have legal disclaimers with the intention of freeing them from any responsibility for the activities that take place on its service. Goodman 17

18. Consequences Criminal penalties for first-time offenders can be as high as five years in prison and $250,000 in fines. Most lawsuits are settled for between $4,000 and $5,000. Civil lawsuits can also be pursued with a minimum penalty of $750 per downloaded song up to $150,000 per copyright infringement. With some P2P Services such as KaZaA, there are security problems which means that potentially all of the files on your computer, including confidential files, are available for viewing. Goodman 18

19. Fair Use Goodman 19

20. “Fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and "transformative" purpose such as to comment upon, criticize or parody a copyrighted work.” Goodman 20 Stanford University Law Center

21. The Four Factors of Fair Use Purpose: Is it educational? Nature: What was the original context of the copyrighted material being used? Amount: Less than 10% or 30 seconds Effect: Are you taking money out of the copyright holders hands? Some believe that there is a fifth factor - Good Will - but it is not written into the law Fair use is often unclear. Congress included the word transformative in the definition to leave it open to interpretation. Goodman 21

22. Ethical Consideration Goodman 22

23. Question of Ethics Each year, the recording industry loses 4.3 billion dollars, in sales, a trend that began in 1999. There is recent evidence that this trend is reversing. The 10 most popular albums sold 40 million copies worldwide last year, down 20 million from the year before - according to the RIAA. Most recording artists make only $1.50 per CD. While many live very comfortable lives we must remember that they have earned it and therefore deserve it. If we were in their position, what would we think? Who makes the rest of the money? Goodman 23

24. Educational Concerns Goodman 24

25. Change What kind of example are we setting for each other if we use or encourage the use of illegally downloaded music, software, or any other type of media in our classrooms? Do not use illegally downloaded music in front of others. Set a positive example, not a negative one. We must to adopt a zero tolerance policy in our schools for illegally downloaded music that not only applies to our younger generation, but to our colleagues and administrators as well. We must actively seek to educate each other that downloading music without paying for it is illegal. Always openly discuss the ethical aspects of illegal downloading. Always share the consequences with the each other. Scare them straight. Goodman 25

26. Resources Copyright: The Complete Guide for Music Educators by Jay Althouse. Alfred Publishing Co., Van Nuys, CA. 2010. Free Culture : The Nature and Future of Creativity by Lawrence Lessig. Penguin Books, New York. 2010. Digital Copyright by Jessica Litman. Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY. 2011. The Future of Music : Manifesto for the Digital Music Revolution by Dave Kusek & Gerd Leonhard. Berklee Press, Boston, MA. 2010. www.riaa.com www.creativecommons.org www.menc.org Goodman 26