1. Warm-Up #36
Complete Study Guide page 118.

2. Ecosystems and Communities
Climate, What Shapes an Ecosystem, and Biomes

3. What is Climate
Temperature, Precipitation and other environmental factors combine to produce weather and climate.
Weather—the day-to-day conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place.
Climate—the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.

4. Climate Climate is caused by the interplay of many factors including:
Trapping of heat by the atmosphere (see greenhouse effect)
Latitutde
Transport of heat by winds and ocean currents
Amount of precipitation
Shape and elevation of land masses

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Greenhouse Effect
Sunlight
Some heat escapes into space
The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and several other gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slow down the loss of heat to space. These greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which helps maintain Earth’s temperature range.
Atmosphere
Earth’s Surface
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Effect of Latitude on Climate
Solar radiation strikes different parts of the Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year.
At the equator, energy from the sun strikes the Earth almost directly.
At the North and South Poles, the sun’s rays strike the Earth’s surface at a lower angle.

7. The Effect of Latitude on Climate
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Polar
66.5°N
Arctic Circle
Temperate
Sunlight
Tropic of Cancer
23.5°N
Equator
Most direct sunlight 0°
Tropical
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5°S
Earth has three main climate zones. These climate zones are caused by the unequal heating of Earth's surface. Near the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth almost directly. Near the poles, the sun's rays strike Earth's surface at a lower angle. The same amount of solar energy is spread out over a larger area, heating the surface less than at the equator.
Sunlight
Temperate
Antarctic Circle
66.5°S
Sunlight
Polar
90°S South Pole
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. Effects of Altitude on Climate

9. What Shapes an Ecosystem?
The type of ecosystem an organism lives in provide an “address” for the organism.
It also tells us about the climate and the neighbors it is likely to have.
What shapes an ecosystem?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Niche
Community Interactions

10. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic factors—all living organisms with which you might interact in the ecosystem.
Abiotic factors—the physical, or nonliving, factors. Includes, temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, nutrient availability, soil type, and sunlight.
Together the biotic and the abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives.
This area where the organisms lives is also called a habitat.

11. How do abiotic factors influence biotic?

12. The Niche
The habitat of organism is its address, the niche is its occupation.
A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
Place in food web
Temperature range for survival
How it reproduces

13. Community Interactions
Community interactions can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
They include:
Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

14. Competition
Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Competitive-Exclusion principle—No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
Figure 4-5—How do the Warblers all live in the same tree?

16. Predation (+/-)
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is predation.
The attacker is the predator
The one who is eaten is the prey

17. Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.
Three types of symbiosis:
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

18. Mutualism (+,+)
Both species benefit from relationship.

19. Commensalism (+,0)
One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

20. Parasitism (+,-)
On organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

21. Ecological Succession
Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community.
This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.

22. Types of Succession Primary Secondary 1st time plants
or animals are
established
New island
Volcanoes
Glaciers
Bare soil, rock
Secondary
After a “blowout”
Re-establish a community
Already had living organisms
Fire, flood, human disruption

23. BOTH PRIMARY & SECONDARY have these Succession communities:
3. Climax
community
2. Intermediate
species
Pioneer
species

24. Pioneer species: Lichens (algae & fungi) break apart rock to make soil
Grasses
Annual flowers
Mosses

25. Climax Community: final set of organisms suited to that climate

26. Biomes
Ecologists group Earth’s diverse environments into Biomes—complex terrestrial communities that cover a large area and are characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular groups of plants and animals.
Because each species is adapted to certain conditions, the climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there.

27. Major Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna
Desert
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Woodland (chaparral)
Temperate Forest (deciduous)
Coniferous Forest
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Tundra

28. Tropical Rain Forest
Abiotic: Hot and wet year-round, thin, nutrient-poor soil.
Plants: broad leaves, evergreens, ferns
Animals: Wide variety
Location: South and Central America, Southeast Asia, Parts of Africa, southern India, and northeastern Austrailia

29. Tropical Dry Forest
Abiotic: generally warm year-round, alternating wet and dry seasons
Plants: tall deciduous trees, dense canopy
Animals: tigers, monkeys, elephants, rhinos
Location: parts of Africa, South and Central America, Mexico, India, Australia and tropical islands.

30. Tropical Savanna
Abiotic: warm temperatures, seasonal rainfall, frequent fires
Plants: Tall perrenial grasses, a few trees and shrubs
Animals: Lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, elephants, zebras
Location: Eastern Africa, southern Brazil, Northern Austrailia

31. Desert Abiotic: Low precipitation Plants: Cacti, succulents
Animals: mountain lions, gray foxes, mule deer pronghorn, hawks, roadrunners
Location: Africa, Asia, Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America, Austrailia

32. Temperate Grassland
Abiotic: warm to hot summers, cold winters, seasonal precipitation
Plants: Lush perennial grasses and herbs
Animals: coyotes, badgers, wolves, grizzly bears, rabbits, bison
Location: central Asia, North America, Austrailia, central Europe, South America

33. Temperate Woodland and Shrubland (Chaparral)
Abiotic: hot dry summers, moist winters
Plants: Woody evergreen shrubs with small leathery leaves
Animals: coyotes, foxes bobcats, mountain lions, deer, rabbits, lizards, snakes
Location: West coast of North and South America, Around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Austrailia.

34. Temperate Forest
Abiotic: cold to moderate winters, warm summers, year round precipitation
Plants: Deciduous trees, some conifers and flowering shrubs, mosses and ferns
Plants: deer, black bears, raccoons, skunks
Location: Eastern US, SE Canada, most of Europe, Japan, China and Austrailia

35. Northwestern Coniferous Forest
Abiotic: mild temperatures, abundant precipitation except in summer
Plants: Douglas Fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwood
Animals: bears, elk, deer, beavers
Location; Pacific Coast of US and Canada

36. Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Abiotic: long cold winters, short mild summers moderate precipitation
Plants: Needleleaf coniferous trees, deciduous trees, berry shrubs
Animals: lynxes, timber wolves, moose, beavers
Location; North America, Asia, Northern Europe

37. Tundra
Abiotic: Strong winds, low precipitation, short soggy summers, long cold, dark winters
Plants: mosses, lichens, sedges, short grasses
Animals: arctic fox, caribou, lemmings
Location: Northern North America, Asia, and Europe

38. Homework STUDY FOR TEST—Powerpoint is online Homework Packets
Warm-Ups #36-37—4 points
Study Guide—6 points
Chaparral Plant Lab—5 points
Canyon Hike—10 points
Extra Credit for exam—Text 116 webcode: cba-2040
Study Guide 119