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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 First steps in Language Acquisition: Evidence from ERPs Angela D. Friederici.

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Presentation on theme: "Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 First steps in Language Acquisition: Evidence from ERPs Angela D. Friederici."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 First steps in Language Acquisition: Evidence from ERPs Angela D. Friederici Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany

3 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 High temporal resolution as it measures the brain‘s activity millisecond by millisecond. No behavioral reaction necessary. Method of Event Related Potential (ERP)

4 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 ERP method AUDITORY EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL -6 µV +6 µV Time (ms) STIMULUS ONSET one sec SSSS ONGOING EEG ELAN P200 N400 P600 AUDITORY STIMULUS (S) Amplifier Signal averager 2004006008001000 ERP method

5 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Infants' first Steps into Language are Based on Prosodic Information The identification of syntactic phrase boundaries is eased by prosodic information as each intonational phrase boundary is a syntactic phrase boundary. The identification of word boundaries (word onset and offset) is eased by information about word stress. In a language like English or German, in which the stress of two syllable words lies predominantly on the first syllable, stress information can certainly help to identify word onsets.

6 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Syllable Length and Word Stress Discrimination Word stress in German is predominantly (› 90% of two syllable words) on the first syllable. Word stress is indicated by a number of acoustic parameters with syllable duration (length) being the most prominent one. In order to investigate the infants' ability to discriminate words stressed on the first syllable versus words stressed on the second syllable we decided to initially investigate the infants' ability to discriminate between a long and a short syllable. We did so by using the MMN paradigm.

7 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Mismatch Negativity (MMN)... is a pre-attentive response.... is elicited by any discriminable change in repetitive auditory stimulation (oddball design) :...is the result of deviance detection. sta dev sta

8 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 1 Discrimination of Syllables of Different Duration /ba:/ 341 ms /ba/ 202 ms Standard 5 / 6 Deviant 1 / 6 2. Block ba ba ba ba baa ba ba ba baa ba ba... 1. Block baa baa baa baa ba baa baa baa ba...

9 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Adults: Difference wave between Deviant- Standard The Mismatch Negativity MMN Source: Friedrich, Weber & Friederici, Psychophysiology, 2004 250406_130306_ba_long.fh11

10 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 ERP and difference waves (Deviant-Standard) of 2-month-old infants Experiment 1 Discrimination of Syllables of Different Duration Source: Friederici, Friedrich & Weber, NeuroReport, 2002 CUNY_2006: 2411_ba_long.fh11

11 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Difference waves for long syllable in 2-month- old infants and adults Experiment 1 Discrimination of Syllables of Different Duration Source: Friederici et al., NeuroReport, 2002; Friederici et al., 2004 2203_CUNY_2006: 130306_ba_long.fh11 0705_Trieste_2006: 250406_130306_ba_long.fh11

12 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Summary Experiment 1 Infants by the age of 2 months are able to discriminate long syllables from short syllables. Infants more easily discriminate a long syllable in a stream of short syllables than vice versa. Infants show a positivity as MMN response.

13 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 One of the hypotheses we persued was the notion that a major underlying cause of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a deficiency in processing prosodic information. If so, infants with risk for SLI may be deficient already in discriminating long from short syllables at the age of 2 months. Hypothesis for SLI

14 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 1b Source: Friedrich, Weber & Friederici, Psychophysiology, 2004 0705_Trieste_2006: folie_16.fh11 Difference waves for 2-month-olds with and without risk for SLI

15 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Summary Experiment 1b Infants with risk for SLI differ from those with no risk already at the age of 2 months in their perceptual ERP parameters for duration discrimination.

16 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 2 Discrimination of Different Stress Patterns /ba:ba/ 750 ms /baba:/ 750 ms Standard 5 / 6 Deviant 1 / 6 1.Blockbaababaababaabababaabaababaaba 2.Blockbabaababaababaababaabaabababaa

17 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Difference waves 4- and 5-month-old infants Experiment 2 Discrimination of Different Stress Patterns Source: Weber, Hahne, Friedrich & Friederici, Cognitive Brain Research, 2004 MMN

18 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Summary Experiment 2 Infants by the age of 5 months are able to discriminate word stress of two syllable words. Discrimination is evident as indicated by MMN for the trochaic pattern (stress on first syllable) which is the predominant pattern in German.

19 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Difference waves 5-month-old infants Experiment 2b Discrimination of Different Stress Patterns 2203_CUNY_2006: alle_Folie21_weber.fh11 Source: Weber, Hahne, Friedrich & Friederici, Cognitive Brain Research, 2004 MMN

20 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Summary Experiment 2b Infants with risk for SLI demonstrate a reduced discrimination ability for the language-specific trochaic pattern at the age of 5 months.

21 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Stress Pattern Discrimination Novel Analysis: 5-month-olds Source: Weber, Hahne, Friedrich & Friederici, Cognitive Brain Research, 2004 At-risk group classification based on word production at 2 years. 2203_CUNY_2006: alle_Folie23_weber.fh11 MMN

22 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Processing Intonational Phrase Boundaries As each intonational phrase boundary is a syntactic phrase boundary, the identification of an intonational phrase boundary provides an easy entrance into the syntax of a given language. How can we investigate this identification process using ERPs?

23 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Prosodically correct conditions (A)correct: Late Closure [IP1 Peter verspricht Anna zu ARBEITEN ] # [IP2und... ('Peter promises Anna to work and... (B)correct: Early Closure [IP1 Peter verspricht ] # [IP2 ANNA zu entlasten ] [IP3 und... ('Peter promises to support Anna and... Experiment 3 Source: Steinhauer, Alter & Friederici, Nature Neuroscience, 1999

24 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Source: Steinhauer, Alter & Friederici, Nature Neuroscience, 1999 Effect of Intonational Phrase Boundary Spoken sentences: Adults 2203_CUNY_2006: PhraseBoundary.fh11

25 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Spoken Sentences: 8-month-old Infants Source: Pannekamp, Weber & Friederici, NeuroReport, in press 2203_CUNY_2006: PhraseBoundary.fh11

26 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Summary Experiment 3 Infants by the age of 8 months show a brain response to intonational phrase boundary similar to that of adults. adults8-month-old infants 2203_CUNY_2006: PhraseBoundary.fh11

27 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 28 MMN 5 Development of Prosodic Perception basic mechanisms underlying the identification of word boundaries discrimination of syllable duration CPS basic mechanisms underlying the identification of intonational (syntactic) boundaries sensitivity to intonational phrase boundary discrimination word stress pattern Months of age Birth ERP- correlates Source: Friederici, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005

28 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 To understand mechanisms of early word learning, it is important to know whether the infant’s brain acts in an adult-like manner when processing meaningful words in meaningful contexts. The N400, a negative component in the ERP of adults, reflects neural mechanisms of semantic integration into context. Processing Lexical-Semantic Information

29 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 In the present study, we investigated whether the neural mechanisms observed for adults are already working during early language acquisition when infants know only a few words. Experiment 4: Lexical-Semantic Processing

30 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Using a picture-word design we recorded the ERP response of 12-, 14- and 19-month-old infants on slowly spoken basic level words. While infants were looking at sequentially presented pictures they were acoustically presented with words that were either congruous or incongruous to the picture contents. Experiment 4: Lexical-Semantic Processing

31 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 congruous incongruous Lexical-Semantic Processing Paradigm “Ball” (ball) “Ente” (duck) “Lampe” (lamp) “Schaf” (sheep) time incongruous congruous

32 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Adapted from Friederici,Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005 2203_CUNY_2006: 130306_100106_fig4ausTiCS.fh11 Adults

33 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Source: Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2004 ERP of 19-month-old infants Experiment 4: Lexical-Semantic Processing 0705_Trieste_2006: 2607_IASCL-Berlin_2005: 19month_Exper4.fh11 N400

34 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 4: Lexical-Semantic Processing Source: Friedrich & Friederici, Psychophysiology, 2005 risk ERP of 19-month-old infants: normals and at risk (low scores on word & sentence production) NormalsAt risk

35 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Adapted from Friederici,Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005 2203_CUNY_2006: 100106_fig4ausTiCS.fh11 19-month-oldsAdults

36 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Adapted from Friederici,Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005 2203_CUNY_2006: 100106_fig4ausTiCS.fh11 14-month-olds19-month-oldsAdults

37 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Adapted from Friederici,Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005 2203_CUNY_2006: 100106_fig4ausTiCS.fh11 12-month-olds14-month-olds19-month-oldsAdults

38 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 2511_fig4ausTiCS.fh11 400 – 700 ms 12-month-olds14-month-olds19-month-olds bildwort3d.ppt (Maren)

39 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 ERP of 12-month-old infants Experiment 4: Lexical-Semantic Processing Source: Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005 early neg. Con_inc_12_mo_no_fam_risk

40 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Summary Experiment 4 In our study, developmental changes in the early time range reflect increased familiarity with the presented words. The early negativity for congruous words in 12-month-old infants is interpreted as facilitation of phonological processing by lexical priming. The later centro-parietal negativity for incongruous words in 14- and 19-month-old infants is regarded as infant N400. Early starting ERP differences in the infants’ temporal brain region have previously been linked to processing differences between known and unknown words (Mills et al., 1993). Lexical-Semantic Processing

41 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Conclusion Experiment 4 The occurrence of a phonological-lexical priming effect in both age groups implies that not only 14-, but also 12- month-old infants already create lexical expectations from picture contents. This result suggests the existence of some lexical-semantic knowledge even in 12-month-old infants. Infants at that age, however, do not display a N400 semantic incongruity effect that is present in 14-month-old infants. From that we conclude that N400 maturates during the first half of the second year of life.

42 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 months of age 2 CPSMMN Birth 4 68 Identification of word boundaries Identification of intonational boundaries Discrimination of phonemes Discrimination word stress pattern Sensitivity to intonational phrase boundary Adapted from Friederici, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005 ERP correlates Developmental stages Months of age 5 37 Development of Auditory Language Perception Basic stages and ERP correlates 12 Lexical processing Lexical semantics Lexical form N400 14

43 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 months of age 2 CPSMMN Birth 4 68 Identification of word boundaries Identification of intonational boundaries Discrimination of phonemes Discrimination word stress pattern Sensitivity to intonational phrase boundary Adapted from Friederici, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005 ERP correlates Developmental stages Months of age 5 37 Development of Auditory Language Perception Basic stages and ERP correlates 12 Lexical processing Lexical semantics Lexical form N400 14 Sentence processing Selectional restriction of verbs Local phrase structure building ELAN-P600 1932

44 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Manuela Friedrich Anja Hahne Birgit Herold Claudia Männel Regine Oberecker Ann Pannekamp Christiane Weber MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR LEIPZIG HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES

45 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 5: Semantic Processes in Sentences The next question is: Do infants at that age also process semantic relations in sentential context? Experiment 5 examines this question.

46 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Semantic Violation incorrect: "Das Lineal wurde gefüttert" "The ruler was fed" correct: "Das Baby wurde gefüttert" "The baby was fed" correct incorrect CZ N400 Cz -5 5 µV 00.51sec semantic violation Source: Hahne & Friederici, Cognitive Brain Research, 2002

47 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Stimulus Material correctDie Katze trinkt die Milch. The cat drinks the milk. semantically incorrect Die Katze trinkt den Ball. The cat drinks the ball. Source: Friedrich & Friederici, NeuroReport, 2005

48 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Source: Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2004 N400 Experiment 5: ERP of 24-month-olds

49 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 5: ERP of 19-month-olds Source: Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2004 N400 2607 Berlin IACL 2005

50 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Conclusion Experiment 5 The data show that children at the age of 19 months can process semantic relations between words in a sentence quite similar to adults. The N400 effect, however, is longer lasting than in adults. As the N400 is taken to reflect integration difficulties, these data suggest that integration processes take longer in young children compared to adults.

51 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 In adult syntactic processing ERP studies, the ELAN has been interpreted to reflect highly automatic phrase structure building processes, whereas the P600 is taken to reflect processes of syntactic integration (e.g. Hahne & Friederici, 1999). If so, the P600 should be present earlier than the ELAN which was shown in 6- to 13-year-old children for syntactic violations in passive sentences (Hahne, Eckstein & Friederici, 2003). Processing Syntactic Information

52 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 incorrect: "Die Bluse wurde am gebügelt." "The blouse was on ironed." correct: "Das Hemd wurde gebügelt." "The shirt was ironed." correct incorrect F7 Source: Hahne & Friederici, Cognitive Brain Research, 2002 -5 5 µV 00.51sec F7 ELAN -5 5 µV 00.51sec Pz P600 PZ Syntactic Violation

53 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 6 investigates at what age we can detect syntax-related ERP components. In this experiment syntactic violations were realized in simple active sentences. Experiment 6: Syntactic Processing

54 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Stimulus Material correctDer Löwe brüllt. The lion roars. syntactically incorrect Der Löwe im brüllt. The lion in the roars. correct filler item Der Löwe im Zoo brüllt. The lion in the zoo roars. Source: Oberecker, Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005

55 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 ELAN P600 Experiment 6: Syntax adults Source: Oberecker, Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005

56 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Source: Oberecker, Friedrich & Friederici, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005 ELAN P600 2411_Folie46+47.fh11 Experiment 6: Syntax 32-month-old children

57 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Source: Oberecker & Friederici, submitted 0612_24month.fh11 P600 Experiment 6: Syntax 24-month-old children

58 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 P600 ELAN P600 ELAN P600 24-month-old children 32-month-old children Adults -10µV 0.81.6 s 10 -10µV 0.81.6 s 10 -5µV 0.81.6 s 5 correct incorrect correct incorrect correct incorrect

59 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Conclusion Experiment 6 The data presented show for the first time that the infant‘s brain is sensitive to phrase structure violations in auditorily presented sentences already at the age of 2.5 years. Their ERP pattern reflects initial processes of structure building (ELAN) as well as late processes of syntactic integration difficulty (P600).

60 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Experiment 7: Syntax 32-month-olds at risk Source: Oberecker & Friederici, in preparation

61 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 P600 ELAN P600 No risk 24-month-olds No risk 32-month-olds -10µV 0.81.6 s 10 -10µV 0.81.6 s 10 -15 µV 0.81.6 s 15 correct incorrect correct incorrect correct incorrect Risk 32-month-olds Leipzig240206 & Leipzig GK II Ok 2005

62 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Conclusion Experiment 7 Children with risk for SLI do not demonstrate an ELAN- P600 pattern at the age of 32 months. This suggests that children classified at risk for SLI are delayed in their syntactic processing abilities, not only with respect to initial on-line syntactic structure building, but also with respect to late processes of syntactic integration.

63 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesTrieste, 07.05.2006 Processing Phonotactically legal and illegal Pseudowords Source: Friedrich & Friederici, Psychophysiology, 2005 ERP of 19-month-old infants: normals and at risk (low scores on word & sentence production) NormalsAt risk

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