1. CS 575 Spring 2010 Class Meeting 3 Bapa Rao

2. Outline administrative Review of previous week Douglas Engelbart’s demo Student Presentations Agenda for next week

3. Administrative Comments / questions

4. Review of previous meeting Berners-Lee videos “semantic web” Data, data, data Links between Data Web R & D as a collective social-scientific process Web science

5. More Berners-Lee Social / human aspect of R&D cycle Macroscopic human effects Scientific analysis phase Emergence or “magic” Process of web science Email  web  google  web 2.0  semantic web Technical aspects of semantic web Conceptual aspects Pragmatic aspects Challenges of web science

36. Engelbart “mother of all demos”

37. Engelbart and “augmenting the human intellect”

38. Engelbart Paper Overview Capability to obtain better solutions to complex problems Benefit ‘information workers’ New conceptual framework What to augment – Artifacts, language, methodology, training – Whorf’s hypothesis & the weighted pencil expt – Problem-solving process – Structure: bureaucratic to more distributed – Executive capability—choosing from repertoire What is the impact of augmentation?

39. Engelbart: Two-domain system H-LAM/T

40. Last week’s presentations Cloud computing—Tam Nguyen Human interaction in Internet communities— Jerry Chang HCC and HCM—Ashok Sahu Artificial Life—Saeid Mousavi

41. Engelbart (contd) Capability repertoire hierarchy – Basic capabilities (human and artifact) are the raw materials – Mental structuring (cognitive structures) Development Models: garden, basketball team, machine building – Concept structuring – Symbol structuring – Process structuring ‘M’ in H-LAM/T – Physical structuring A in H-LAM/T – Interdependence among all these structures

42. Engelbart (contd) Concept structuring – concepts are tools – concepts have handles--representations – concept structures map to mental structures – some concept structures are better than others – language (natural lang esp) is the grand concept structuring tool

43. Engelbart (contd) Symbol structuring – some symbols work better than others depends on the purpose – need flexibility, translatability – view generation capability (rather than physical linear ordering)

44. Engelbart (contd) Interdependence among hierarchies – Cyclic – Regenerative Improvement in one category feeds improvement in other categories

45. Augmenting the Human Intellect 1962 report/proposal to Air Force Ofc. Of Scientific Research Capability to obtain better solutions to complex problems New conceptual framework – Not small tricks Example scenario: an architect’s workday – Design alternatives – Operational environments – Functional specifications – Detailed design – Tools Synthesis, analysis, verification, debugging

46. Engelbart (contd) Who will benefit – Every person who does his thinking with symbolized concepts Human language, pictographs, formal logic, mathematics, … – Architects, engineers, lawyers, writers, … – ‘information workers’

47. Engelbart (contd) Conceptual framework is needed to know – What to augment artifacts language methodology Training – Goal: problem solving process Process is what we actually do, and are trying to do more effectively – Structure or organization across the board Little steps, organized as a process hierarchy – Versus objects? Process repertoire or toolkit Basic capabilities (‘hardware’) to higher-level capabilities – Synergy, emergent capabilities, … Which subprocess to choose? – Executive Capability: planning, selecting, and supervising – Augmentation impact Suppose you had a better writing tool… – Hardware, software, dictionary, spell checker, fact researcher, … – Pencil to word processor » Benefits? » Break down old process, come up with new process » New capabilities!

48. Engelbart: Two-domain system H-LAM/T

49. Engelbart (contd) How did humans get ‘augmented’ during our development? – 1. concept manipulation – 2. symbol manipulation – 3. Manual, External, Symbol Manipulation Whorf’s hypothesis: Language affects our thinking and capabilities – 4. Automated external symbol manipulation (neo- whorfian: technology affects language and capabilities) Language can also evolve to meet conceptual and task needs (counterargument to whorfian hypothesis)

50. Engelbart (contd) Brick-pencil experiment

51. Engelbart (contd) Brick-pencil expt (de-augmentation) – Typewriter: 7 sec – Pencil: 20 secs – Brick, small letters: 65+ secs – Brick, large letters: 42 secs Impacts on effectiveness of culture – Too hard  too few people doing it – Different concepts for work, record-keeping, etc. What about known impacts of actual augmentation, 46 years after Engelbart wrote this proposal?

52. Engelbart (contd) Capability repertoire hierarchy – Basic capabilities (human and artifact) are the raw materials – Mental structuring (cognitive structures) Development Models: garden, basketball team, machine building – Concept structuring – Symbol structuring – Process structuring ‘M’ in H-LAM/T – Physical structuring A in H-LAM/T – Interdependence among all these structures

53. Engelbart (contd) Concept structuring – concepts are tools – concepts have handles--representations – concept structures map to mental structures – some concept structures are better than others – language (natural lang esp) is the grand concept structuring tool

54. Engelbart (contd) Symbol structuring – some symbols work better than others depends on the purpose – need flexibility, translatability – view generation capability (rather than physical linear ordering)

55. Engelbart (contd) Interdependence among hierarchies – Cyclic – Regenerative Improvement in one category feeds improvement in other categories

56. Engelbart (contd) Roles and levels – executive – direct-contributive model of executive superstructure – Bureaucratic hierarchy is onerous – contractor-subcontractor model Flexibility in the Executive Role – executive tasks are complex – orderly flexibility requirement on symbol etc. structures is costly – disorderly process of change must be supported ‘agile methodologies’

57. Berners-Lee’s view in context Social = Human Concept augmentation is an emergent phenomenon

58. Student Presentations Jigar Patel: programming paradigms Manthan Katharotiya: Web mining

59. REMINDER: A [flexible] structure for our study ‘Human issues’ is all-encompassing Many interlocking dimensions Human roles vis-à-vis the computer – User – Inventor / researcher – Visionary – Content creator – Hacker – Criminal – Business person – Wealth generator – … Human-computer coupling – Symbiosis, tool, …

60. A [flexible] structure for our study (contd) Domains of human activity – Education, Entertainment, Play, Family, Reproduction, Art,Wealth generation, Government, consumption, religion, philosophy, … Values – Many values depend on role, domain, … – Absolute values? – Creativity, aesthetics, access, opportunity, freedom, spirituality, rationality, peace, brotherhood, prosperity, … Vision, potentials, realities – Babbage’s Analytical Engine, Bush’s Memex, … Pragmatics – Is it possible? How to get there? – Techniques, Design, Technology, Scaling and emergent phenomena – Will a whole new thing emerge if huge numbers of humans interact with computers in a certain way? How do we understand that ‘thing’? Other aspects, dimensions?

61. A [flexible] structure for our study (contd) Use readings and videos of pioneering thinkers and inventors to elicit a concrete jumping-off point for discussion and analysis Use presentations and discussions to ‘tag’ current thoughts, activities, developments,.. along these dimensions Preparation – Review Resources and Additional Resources – Research and read pioneering articles (like the Memex article, Berners-lee’s articles What should emerge at the end? – Open – Predictions, critiques, lessons, techniques, new visions, new ideas, stimuli to thought, …

62. Summary Berners-lee’s push for a collectivized, participatory semantic web science Engelbart’s early technical achievements laid the foundation Engelbart laid a rigorous conceptual foundation that might be called the architecture of man- machine symbiosis We will discuss more about man/machine symbiosis according to Licklider Where do today’s presentations fit in?

63. Agenda for next week Yuri Muradiyan: Human Enhancement Ethics Gaurang Jadia: Crowdsourcing Abhishek Sharma: Security, privacy, crime Armen Galstyan: Entertainment / gaming