1. Energy Resources and Consumption
Sources, Concepts and Conservation
Energy Resources and Consumption

2. Energy Concepts Forms of Energy
Mechanical: 2 types; mechanical potential (energy of position) and kinetic (energy of motion)
Thermal: Heat is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within a substances
Chemical: energy stored in bonds between atoms in a molecule
Electrical: results from the movement of electrons
Nuclear: energy stored in the nuclei of atoms. It is released by either fission (splitting) or Fusion (combining) of atoms
Electromagnetic: Electromagnetic energy travels by waves

3. Power and Units Power: the amount of work done per time.
Work done/ time
The most common unit is kilowatt-hour (kWh)

4. Btu ( British Thermal Units)
Units of Energy/Power
Unit or Prefix
Description
Btu ( British Thermal Units)
Unit used in US, most countries use – joule.
the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 pound of water by 1 degree F.
1 watt is approximately 3.4 Btu/hr
1 horsepower is approximately. 2,540 Btu/hr
12,000 Btu/hr is called a “ton”
Horsepower
Primarily used in the auto industry.
1 horsepower (HP) = 746 watts
Kilo-
Means 1,000 or 103
1kW = 103 watts
Mega-
Means 1,000,000 or 106
1 MW = 106 watts
Watt (electrical)
A kilowatt-hour(kWh) is the amount of energy expended by a 1 kilowatt (1000 watts) device over the course of 1 hour.
Measured in the context of power plants and energy bills
Watt (thermal)
Nuclear power plants produce heat measured in thermal watts

5. Energy Conversion Problems
These conversion problems are often on the AP exam!
Use scientific notation
Use the factor-label method:
The factor-label method: the sequential application of conversion factors expressed as fractions and arranged so that any dimensional unit appearing in both the numerator and denominator of any of the fractions can be cancelled out until only the desired set of dimensional units is obtained
Scoring these problems by steps: 1 point correct set-up, 1 point correct calculations, No points if work is not shown!

6. Conversion of MW to kW Example Problem (Handout p283 Barrons)
20 MW X (1 x 106 watts) X 1kW = 2 X 104 kW
MW watts
2 X 104 kW X 8,000 hours = 16,000 X 104 kWh/yr yr
= 1.6 X 108 kWh/yr
Remember : NO CALCULATORS in the exam

7. Laws of Thermodynamics
1st law
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law
When energy is transformed, a less useful form is the result (lower quality energy)
Energy cannot be recycled to a higher quality
Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted to mechanical energy
80% is lost as heat (a low quality energy)

8. Energy Consumption
Wood (a renewable source) was the predominant form of energy up until the Industrial Revolution.
Coal (non-renewable) then surpassed wood’s usage
Coal was overtaken by petroleum in the middle of the 20th century and remains the primary source worldwide today
Natural gas and coal experienced rapid development in the 2nd half of the 20th century

9. US Energy Consumption by Source

10. US Energy Consumption
US was energy independent, self sufficient until the late 1950’s
Then energy consumption began to outpace domestic production
This led to oil imports
The largest energy consumers have always been industry, followed by transportation, then residential, and commercial uses
Rapid increases in petroleum consumption continued through the 1970’s

11. Energy Consumption vs. Production

12. Domestic Supply and Imports
Beginning 1998, net imports of oil surpassed the domestic oil supply in the US
The US consumes 25% of the worlds petroleum production

13. Energy Consumption in US by End Use

14. Leading Petroleum Consumers

15. Present Global Energy Use
In the US most of the energy comes from nonrenewable energy sources (limited supplies) such as:
coal,
petroleum,
natural gas,
Propane
and uranium

16. Global Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable sources: relatively short replenishment time
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
Solar energy
Wind energy

17. US Energy Production vs. Consumption
Commodity
US Production
US Consumption
Oil
18%
39%
Natural gas
27%
23%
Coal
33%
Nuclear
10% 7%
Renewable (geothermal, biomass, solar, wind) 9%
3.6%
Hydroelectric 5% 4%
US Energy Production by Sector
Sector %
Transportation
27%
Industrial
38%
Residential and commercial
36%

18. Fossil Fuel Consumption by the US
Commodity
% of total world usage
Oil
40%
Natural gas
23%
Coal

19. Future Energy Needs Outlook for next 3 decades
Continued growth and reliance on 3 fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas and coal
Most realistic and Viable resources for immediate future
Clean coal, methane hydrates, oil shale, and tar sands

20. Clean Coal
Global supply of coal is huge and can meet the global energy needs for many years to come
Clean coal technology refers to processes that reduce the negative environmental effects of burning coal.
Washing coal to remove minerals, and impurities
Capturing Sulfur dioxide and Carbon dioxide from the flue gasses

21. Clean Coal Combustion
Step 1;Oxygen introduced and Step 2 Coal is pulverized both for complete burning, then washed to remove contaminants. Step 3: ash removal via electrostatic precipitators. Step 4: condensed steam is returned to the boiler. Step 5: CO2 is recovered using lime and sequestered.

22. Methane Hydrates Methane locked in ice (Natural Gas)
Recently discovered in 2 types of geologic settings
On land in permafrost regions
Beneath the ocean floor at ocean depths>500 meters
Deposits of several hundred meters thick
Some believe enough to supply energy for 1000’s of years
Natural gas is taking on larger role
Cleaner and relatively inexpensive power plants

23. US Natural Gas Consumption
Expected to increase 40% in the 21st century
Demand for transportation fuel increasing
The Primary waste product of natural gas combustion is CO2

24. Oil Shale
is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil can be produced.
If heated anaerobically, kerogen is converted to oil

25. Abundance and Extraction of Oil Shale
Approximately 3 trillion barrels of currently recoverable oil from oil shale, in the world
>750 billion in the US
Mostly found in Wy, Ut, and Co
Global pockets: Estonia, Aust., Germ, Isreal and Jordan
Extraction occurs via surface mining or through heating the oil shale while still under ground, and extracting the oil and gasses through pumps

26. Environmental Issues Net energy yield is moderate Underground Heating:
Requires energy use for blasting, drilling, crushing, heating, disposal of waste and environmental restoration
Underground Heating:
Potential to affect aquifers
Surface Mining disrupts ecosystems
Oil burning contributes to acid rain and GHG’s

27. Tar Sands
Oil sands, tar sands or, more technically, bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit.
The oil sands are loose sand or partially consolidated sandstone containing naturally occurring mixtures of sand, clay, and water, saturated with a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum technically referred to as bitumen (or colloquially tar due to its similar appearance, odour and colour).
Natural bitumen deposits are reported in many countries, but in particular are found in extremely large quantities in Canada

28. Extraction and Refinement
Specialized refineries convert bitumen to oil
Mined using strip mining techniques
Can also use steam in situ methods
Issue: Sulfur content is high (5%)

29. Tar Sand Deposits Most are located in Canada and Venezuela
Canada's are most concentrated therefore economical
Oil in tar sands represents 2/3 of total global reserves
Net energy yield is moderate for same reasons as oil shale
Mildred Lake mine site and plant near Fort McMurray, Alberta Canada
Largest in the world

30. Energy Crisis
Free market: price driven by supply and demand, sudden changes occur in response to changes in either
Crisis can occur if markets do not adjust prices to adjust for shortages
Supply is largely controlled by nations with large reserves: Saudi Arabia and Venezuela who belong to OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

31. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC
Algeria
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya
Nigeria
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Emirates
Venezuela

32. OPEC Actions OPEC controls output quotas of member countries
Reductions in quotas adversely effect supply which causes increased prices
If OPEC causes excessively high prices then demand decreases
THESE HIGH PRICES make ALTERNATIVE FUEL Prices COMPETETIVE and Profitable

33. OIL Supplies Most of global energy is supplied via OIL
At current consumption levels, global reserves are expected to last 50 years
US reserves are expected to last only 25 yrs
Industrialization of China is expected to shorten these timelines
Decreased supply leading to higher oil prices will make other sources more economical (tar and shale)

34. FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
COAL
NATURAL GAS
OIL

37. 20 richest countries consume:
50% of coal
80% of natural gas
65% of oil

39. U.S. energy consumption 9%

40. COAL Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel 10 X reserves of oil/gas,
last 200 years at present rate

42. Coal mines Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine,
Eastern U.S.

43. Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has
high-sulfur content,
more expensive to mine
Much Western U.S. coal has
low-sulfur content,
cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West
more damaging to land.

44. Heat value of coal types
Anthracite 2% US
Bituminous
(50% of US reserve)
Subbituminous
Lignite
51% of U.S. use in coal

45. Energy lost from coal 65% lost in power plants 10% lost on
transmission lines
(stray voltage)

46. Effects on health
Black Lung Disease
(miners)
Respiratory illnesses
(public)

47. Effects on land Coal sludge releases Hardpan at strip mines
Mountaintop removal
Huge water use
Slurry pipelines

48. Effects on air Greenhouse gases Toxics 3/4 sulfur dioxide
1/3 nitrogen oxides
1/2 carbon dioxide
Toxics
Mercury
Uranium

49. Acid rain

50. Acidity of rain pH of 6.0 pH < 5.0 Kills insects, crabs
Kills fish, trees

51. Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
Tall stacks deposit farther

52. Coal scrubbers

54. The future? Hydrogen fuel cells

55. NATURAL GAS
Methane, and other
Gases in bedrock

57. Advantages of Natural Gas
Cleaner to burn
Half as much CO2 as coal
More efficient
10% energy lost
63.6 -year supply at current rates.

58. Disadvantages of Natural Gas
Difficult to transport
Pipelines
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted
Methane bed drilling pollutes

59. OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter
rich in hydrocarbons

61. Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)

68. Proven oil reserves
465 billion barrels consumed
1 trillion barrels left
22 billion consumed a year
50 years to go! Party now!

69. World Crude Oil Production

70. Global trends in oil Growing use in China (+10%/year)
Japan, Europe depend on Mideast
New reserves around Caspian Sea
Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
Possible source of war, and human rights abuses

71. Kuwait oil well fires, 1991

73. U.S. Trends in oil Diverse sources (not Mideast)
Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
Opening domestic sources
Alaska controversy
Changing technologies
Oil shale extraction
Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)

74. Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989

75. Attempts to contain spill

76. Clean-up efforts

77. Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged

79. Oil in Ecuador Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer
70% of exports
Drilling in Amazon rainforest

80. Opposition to oil companies
Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands
Displacement of Indians,
deforestation
Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill

81. Oil in Nigeria Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Nigeria had military
governments in 1990s

82. Environmental problems in Niger Delta region
Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards
Oil spills in mangrove swamp

83. Caribou in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

84. ANWR Largest national wildlife refuge in the US
19 mil acres in northeastern Alaska
Drill or not drill controversy since 1977
Large amount of economically recoverable oil, depends on current price
Potential harm exploration might have on wildlife

85. Oil Drilling on the North Slope

86. Global Primary Energy Supply

87. Synfuels
Liquid fuels synthesized from nonpetroleum sources like; coal, natural gas, oil shale or waste plastics
Shale oil
Synthetic natural gas (SNG): produced from coal liquefaction
Pros
Cons
Easy transport through pipelines
Less air pollution
Large supply of raw materials to meet demand
Direct production of gasoline, diesel or kerosene
Low net energy yield
Plants are expensive to build
Increases depletion of coal to inherent inefficiencies
More expensive than petroleum products

88. Energy Consumption in the United States

89. Environmental Advantages/ Disadvantages by Source-Coal
Pros
Cons
Abundant known reserves which will last approx. 300 years
Unidentified reserves estimated to last 1,000 years
US reserves about 300 yrs
Relatively high net energy yield
US subsidies keep prices low
Stable, non-explosive, not harmful if spilled
US Extraction done mostly by strip mining or underground mining: these cause erosion, runoff and decrease in biodiversity
20% becomes fly ash, boiler slag or sludge
35% of CO2 prod is due to coal burning-GHG
30% of NO2 pollution
Burning releases mercury, sulfur and radioactive particles
Mining is dangerous and unhealthy
Expensive to process and transport; cannot be used for transportation
Scrubbers and other pollution reducers are expensive

90. Environmental Advantages/ Disadvantages by Source-Oil
Pros
Cons
Inexpensive
Easy transport through pipelines and distribution networks
High net-energy yield
Ample supply for immediate future
US subsidies
Versatile in manufacturing
World reserves are limited and declining
Produces pollution(SO2,NO2, and CO2)
Production releases contaminated wastewater and brine
Drilling disturbs land and accelerates erosion
Oil spills, land and water
Disrupts wildlife habitats
Supplies are politically explosive

91. Environmental Advantages/ Disadvantages by Source-Natural Gas
Pros
Cons
Pipelines and distribution networks are in place
Easily processed and transported as LNG over rail or ship
Inexpensive
Viewed as transitionary fuel as world switches to alternatives
125 years + of reserves estimated
Less polluting
Extraction is less damaging
H2S and SO2 released during processing
LNG processing is expensive and dangerous and reduces net energy
CH4 leaking is worse GHG than CO2
Disruptions to ecosystems where collected
Contaminated wastewater and brine

92. Energy Production
Electricity Production from a variety of resources

97. Generators in a Hydroelectric Plant
Attached by a shaft to a
turbine propelled by water.

99. Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle

100. Cooling Towers

102. Crude-Oil Reserves Versus Production
Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits
Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field
Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

103. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

104. Oil Production and Consumption in the United States

105. The Elements of the Conservation Reserve
Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)
Cogeneration (CHPs) All thermal power plants emit a certain amount of heat during electricity generation., CHP captures some or all of the by-product heat for heating purposes, either very close to the plant, or as hot water for district heating with temperatures ranging from approximately 80 to 130 °C. This is also called Combined Heat and Power District Heating or CHPDH.
Use fluorescent lights
Increase home insulation

106. Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration

107. The Potential of the Conservation Reserve
An oil field that has the potential production of
6 million barrels per day is three times the size
of the Alaskan oil field,
and its exploitation will
NOT adversely affect
the environment.