1. "The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." Program Science in Context Sevgi O. Aral Rome, Italy May 2010

2. The number of articles on translation research has exploded

3. NIH Conferences on Dissemination and Implementation 200820092010 300 attendees9,000 attendees

5. Health Systems Strengthening An important component of global health

6. Implementation/ Delivery Science Basic Science Clinical Science Evaluation Science Adapted from James Yon Kim 2009 Keynote address to the NIH Dissemination and Implementation Science Conference.

7. Health Care Delivery and Implementation Science Global Health Delivery Project

8. Implementation Dissemination Scale-up

9. Evidence Based Practice (EBP) Clinical Practice Improvement (CPI) Practice Based Evidence (PBE) Best practices

10. “What is different in Program Science?” “This is the same thing as implementation/dissemination/ health care delivery/scale up science.” “This is the same thing as translation research.”

11. I.It really does NOT matter ̶ we are all after the same thing “better public health for all ̶ by whatever name you call it” II.? some differences between Program Science and other approaches? ̶ Perhaps!

14. “Does X intervention work for Y clinical problem?” “What is the best approach for Y clinical problem?” Joseph Matthew ̶ Indian Pediatrics March 17, 2010

15. “The dissemination and implementation science initiative not helpful ̶ interventions offered not feasible within the budgetary and health system capacity constraints.” Tom Farley New York City Commissioner of Health

16. Issues in the implementation and scale-up of scientific findings in prevention program settings Science Treatment and prevention at individual level Individual interventions Interventions evaluated at one point in time Evaluated among “eligibles” who agree to participate in study Prevention Program Control and prevent spread at population level Multiplicity of interventions Need effective interventions during all phases of epidemics Need effective interventions for all ̶ ineligibles and those who refuse to participate included

17. Issues in the implementation and scale-up of scientific findings in prevention program settings (cont.) Science Interventions evaluated under “ideal” conditions Sufficient financial resources The “best” human resources Interventions evaluated when first implemented Internal validity important Prevention Program May work differently under “everyday” conditions Insufficient financial resources Typical human resources Need interventions that work for the duration Generalizability important

18. → Individual interventions Expensive High intensity Labor intensive Individual level Multi-session Difficult to implement Non-generalizable

19. Interventions that require adherence Interventions that may lead to disinhibitions in other risk behaviors

20. → Gap between scientific findings and program needs. Goal: To identify science based solutions to program dilemmas who when how

21. Synthesize evidence Based on available intervention studies Based on program questions

22. Program Science Population-based Produces knowledge about policy and program interventions that have the potential to impact health at the population level Includes interventions that operate within and outside the health sector

23. Program Science Includes interventions that modify social determinants of morbidity Includes research into “required and achievable coverage” or reach of interventions Includes research into “incremental” or “marginal” benefits of additional interventions

24. Program Science “Incremental” and “marginal” costs of interventions Synergies and antagonisms across interventions Differential uptake of interventions

25. Program Science Issues of adherence to interventions by the population Operational research on implementation of interventions Sustainability of interventions and their routinization

26. Program Science Focuses on packages of interventions Considers issues of resource expansion, advocacy, and mobilization Includes evaluation and evaluation research

27. ScienceProgram

28. It’s all semantics Ready to adapt Your part of the elephant!

29. Thank you!