1. Chapter 3 – Transportation Modes
APPLICATIONS

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Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography,
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

3. Application 1 High Speed Trains
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

4. World High Speed Rail Systems, 2012
Source: Adapted from International Union of Railways.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

5. Travel Times before and after the Introduction of a High Speed Rail Service (hours)
Source: International Union of Railways,
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

6. Evolution of the French TGV, 1981-2005
Name
TGV Paris Sud-Est
TGV Atlantique
AVE
TGV Reseau
Eurostar
TGV Duplex
TGV Thalys
TGV NG
Introduction
1981
1989
1991
1993
1994
1996
2005
Operating Speed
168 mph (270 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
186 mph 300km/h
225 mph (360 km/h)
Design Speed
200 mph (320 km/h)
225 mph (360 km/hr)
Speed Record
236 mph (380 km/h)
320 mph (515 km/h)
N/A
Maximum speed on normal railways
138 mph (220 km/h)
No running
100 mph (160 km/h)
unknown
156 mph (250 km/h)
Comments
Famous Orange TGV
Rail Speed Record
TGV for Spain
Pressure Sealed
Strictly not a TGV
Double decker
International TGV
Next Generation
Source: adapted from Oliver Keating, High Speed Trains,
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

7. The Shinkansen High Speed Rail Network
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

8. Modal Share Madrid-Seville before and after the Introduction of High Speed Rail (AVE)
Source: International Union of Railways,
Madrid and Seville are 471 km apart.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

9. Modal Share Paris-Brussels before and after the Introduction of High Speed Rail
Source: International Union of Railways,
Distance: 320 km
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

10. Application 2 The Containerization of Commodities
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

11. Growth Factors behind the Containerization of Commodities
Outcome
Growing availability of containers
More containers available on freight markets.
Ubiquitous transport product.
Rising demand and commodity prices
More commodities in circulation (usage of containerization to accommodate growth).
New producers and consumers (marginal markets penetration).
Fluctuations and rises in bulk shipping rates
Decrease in the ratio cargo value per ton shipping rate for commodities.
Volatility (rates) and risk (hedging).
Search for options to bulk shipping.
Low container shipping rates
Increase in the ratio cargo value per TEU shipping rate for commodities.
Relative rate stability.
Containerization more attractive as an option.
Imbalances in container shipping rates
Export subsidy for return cargo.
Empty containers repositioning
Pools of containers available for backhauls.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

12. Continuous Commodity Index and Baltic Dry Index, 2000-2012 (2000=100)
Source: Bloomberg. (Continuous Commodity Index: ; Baltic Dry Index: Monthly data is of the first trading day of the month.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

13. IMF All Commodity Index and Baltic Dry Index, 2000-2010 (2000=100)
Source: IMF and Baltic Exchange.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

14. Continuous Commodity Index and Average Container Shipping Rates, 1994-2012 (1994=100)
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

15. IMF All Commodity Index and Average Container Shipping Rates, 2000-2010 (2000=100)
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

16. Retail Price of Coffee, 1990-2012
Source: International Coffee Organization,
Note: ICO Composite is the price calculated based on the market share of exports of each group of coffee.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

17. Retail Price of Coffee, 1977-2005
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

18. Comparison Between Bulk and Containerized Commodity Transportation
Bulk (Grain, Minerals, Oil)
Containerized
Sectors
Primary / Transformation
Manufacturing / Retailing
Driving force
Cost / Volume
Time / Flexibility
Mode of shipment
Large batches
Small shipments
Frequency
Low
High
Flows
One way
More balanced
Terminals
Dedicated by commodity
General container
Seasonality
From low (energy) to high (agriculture)
Low (retail cycles)
Exchange Markets
Mass (futures / forward)
Niche (spot)
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

19. From Bulk to Containers: Breaking Economies of Scale
Entry Barriers
Container as an independent load unit.
Minimal load unit; one TEU container.
Required Volumes
Limited differences in scale economies for a producer.
Incremental / linear cost-volume function.
Market Potential
New producers (smaller).
Product differentiation (more variety).
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

20. Bulk and Containerized Commodity Chains
Bulk Commodity Chain
Supplier
Customer
Port
Point-to-Point
Consolidation center
Complementarity
Container
port
Pendulum
Services
Intermodal
terminal
Containerized Commodity Chain
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

21. Commodity Group and Containerization Potential
Category (SITC)
Examples
Containerization (Existing or Potential)
Food & Live Animals
Meat, Fish, Wheat, Rice, Corn, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa, Tea
Low (grains) to high (cold chain products)
Beverages & Tobacco
Wine, Beer, Tobacco
High
Raw Materials
Rubber, Cotton, Iron ore
Commodity specific
Fuels & Lubricants
Coal, Crude oil, Kerosene, Natural gas
Very limited
Animal & Vegetable Oils
Olive oil , Corn oil
Chemicals
Salt, Fertilizers, Plastics
Low to average
Manufactured Goods
Paper, Textiles, Cement, Iron & Steel, Copper
Machinery & Transport Equipment
Computer equipment, Televisions, Cars
Very high (already containerized)
Miscellaneous Manufactures
Furniture, Clothes, Footwear, Cameras, Books, Toys
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

22. Containerized Weight for Selected Commodities
Commodity
Pounds per cubic foot
Weight in a 20 foot container
Wheat 48
28 tons
Corn 45
26 tons
Dry peas, beans and lentils 37
22 tons
Vegetable oil (e.g. canola) 60
30 tons (35 tons)
Coffee (fresh beans) 35
21 tons
Lumber (2x4s)
Hay (e.g. alfalfa) 14
8 tons
Potash 80
30 tons (46 tons)
Coal (Anthracite) 70
30 tons (41 tons)
Paper or wood pulp 75
30 tons (44 tons)
20 foot container can hold 1172 square foot
30 tons maximal load
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

23. American Containerized Trade, 2003
Source: MGI North America Port Congestion Impact Model
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

24. Share of Main American International Trade Commodities Transported by Containership, 2000
Source: B. Hackett (2003) National Dredging Needs Study of U.S. Ports and Harbors: Update DRI-WEFA
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

25. Shipping Time between Bulk Handling and Containerization (Canadian Wheat)
Bulk Handling System
Days
Container System
Farm storage
Start
Local delivery 1
Primary elevator 40
Intermodal terminal 2
Rail hopper cars 11
Double stack train
Export terminal 19
Container port
Bulk ship 15
Containership
Import terminal 10
Final customer
End
Total 97 21
Source: Adapted from B. Prentice (1998) Re-engineering Grain Logistics: Bulk Handling versus Containerization, Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Forum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 29-31, 1998
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

26. Challenges for the Containerization of Commodities
Issues
Container availability
Locational and load unit availability.
Weight
Limitations to about 30 tons (40 footer).
20 footer the preferable load unit (26-28 tons).
Container preparation
Pre-use and post-use cleaning (avoid contamination).
Dedicated containers?
Container loading, unloading and transloading
Bulks difficult to load horizontally.
Vertical loading / unloading (equipment).
Transloading issues.
Source loading.
Weight distribution
Containership load (10-14 tons per TEU).
Trade imbalances create mitigation strategies.
Land consumption at port terminals
Space consumption (4 times more than bulk) mitigated by velocity.
Existing distribution channels
Considerable accumulated investments (modes & terminals).
Established distribution practices.
Modal shift inertia.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

27. Monthly Softwood Lumber Shipments to China, 2007-2014
Source: Canada Statistics, COFI, Foreign Agricultural Service.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

28. Application 3 Maersk Shipping Line
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

29. Port Terminal Assets of APMT by Equity-Based Capacity
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

30. Application 4 Transcontinental Bridges
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

31. Types of Landbridges
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

32. The North American Landbridge
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

33. Intermodal Rail Flows, 2006
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

34. Circum-Hemispheric Rings of Circulation
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

35. The Eurasian Landbridge
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

36. The Northern East-West Freight Corridor
Source: International Union of Railways (2004) The Northern East West (N.E.W.) Freight Corridor, Transportutvikling AS.
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

37. Distance to New York from Eastern China (in km)
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.