1. Quoting Academic Writing in English

2. American Psychological Association (APA) Short quote – 40 words or less = incorporate it into the text. Long quote – 40 words + = freestanding block of typewritten text and omit the question marks. Taken from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 5th edition, APA: Washington, DC.

3. Example 1 – APA style guide, 5th edition pg.118 She stated, ”The ’placebo effect’…disappeared when behaviors were studied in theis manner”(Miele, 1993, p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviours were studied.

4. Example 2 – ibid. Miele (1993) found that ”the ’placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276).

5. Example 3 - ibid Miele (1993) found the following: The ”placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviours were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 279)

6. Other reference styles Vancouver, Chicago = shares the same views on direct quotes as APA No information from IEEE

7. When should I quote? According to the University of Wisconsin Madison Writing Centre, quoting should be done in research papers when: to show that an authority supports your point to present a position or argument to critique or comment on to include especially moving or historically significant language to present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized (http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_plagiarism.html)

8. What about common knowledge? no cut and dry boundaries but some guidelines: It should be uncited/unreferenced in at least 5 sources (OWL Purdue) It should be common to many people (ubiquitous information) (Cal State U) It comes from a common reference source (non-specialist dictionary or encyclopedia

9. Common knowledge con’t at best it’s a loose rule arguable and dangerous good rule of thumb - if you’re classmates don’t know about it, then reference it. when in doubt, reference!

10. Websites for more info http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howt oavoid/how_avoid_direct.htm#http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howt oavoid/how_avoid_direct.htm# http://www.uta.fi/FAST/PK6/REF/comm know.htmlhttp://www.uta.fi/FAST/PK6/REF/comm know.html http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_ plagiarism.htmlhttp://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_ plagiarism.html

11. Recapitulation 1/2 Summary main ideas, no details own words no interpretation needs a reference Paraphrasing parts of a text, including details own words no interpretation needs a reference

12. Recapitulation 2/2 Quoting word-for-word short quote needs “” long quote needs block citation style reasons for using it are mainly to add strength and support to your argument Needs a reference including a page number Common knowledge loose concept quantity and commonness of concept key when in doubt, reference!