1. U.S. Programs & Policy Robert Crane Senior Advisor National Coordination Office United States of America 1 st GNSS Vulnerabilities and Solutions Conference Baska, Krk Island, Croatia 8 September, 2008

2. 2 Wireless/mobile applications Child/pet tracking LE/Suspect tracking Spacecraft control Power grid management Precision construction Automatic snowplow guidance Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) New applications introduced every day Approx. GPS coordinates: N25.123528,E55.122700

3. 3 …weather info Space-Based Solutions for Disaster Management & Emergency Response …plume modeling …incident reports …video/cam feeds FEMA: Tracking logistics assets and commodity shipments

4. 4 Critical Component of the Global Infrastructure GNSS & Augmentations

5. 5 Homeland Security Factors U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2003) Homeland Security Presidential Directive -- 7: Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection (2003) National Infrastructure Protection Plan (2006) ― 17 Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources ― +1 Critical Manufacturing (2008) U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Policy (2004) Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan (2007)

6. 6 GNSS – A Global Utility Essential Component of Multiple Critical Infrastructures Which critical infrastructure & industry sectors use GNSS signals and technology. For what purposes To what degree ―dependencies, interdependencies, and cascading effects ―common vulnerabilities and threat scenarios ―cross-sector measures to reduce or manage risk ―research & development needs Use is critical to safety-of-life and safe operations

7. 7 Assessing Risk Risk = function (Threat, Vulnerability, Consequence) Can Lead to Continuous Improvements to Enhance Protection Risk: Expected magnitude of loss due to an attack, natural disaster, or other incident, along with the likelihood of such an event occurring and causing that loss.

8. 8 Threats Interference ―Unintentional: Ionospheric, Radio Frequency; Solar Flares ―Intentional: jamming, spoofing, meaconing GPS Jammers a significant concern; localized, but expected to grow Physical Threats: Satellites and Control Segments Threat: measure of the likelihood that a specific type of attack will be initiated against a specific target.

9. 9 Vulnerabilities Future: Increase in use by critical infrastructure Power companies: Time and Frequency (T/F) Transportation: computer-based controls of aircraft, trains, vehicles Tracking: GIS, Logistics/Supply Chain Management, Mapping Remote transactions: banking/finance (wireless), time stamp/authentication Telecommunications: timing, navigation services GPS-reliant components in cell phones, personal electronics, networked computers systems Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.

10. 10 Vulnerabilities (continued) U.S. has conducted several studies Use of GNSS applications in public and private sector wide- spread …and growing Primary uses are safety-of-life (loss of navigation & control systems) and T/F applications T/F is economic and new vulnerabilities evolve over time Coordinated effort between GNSS operators and private sector Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.

11. 11 Consequences Unintentional interference (detection, location, mitigation) Jamming reduces capability, but not destructive across infrastructure (temporary) Spoofing, includes meaconing, more concern (rare) Resource implications for solving problems Consequence: magnitude of the negative effects if the system is damaged, destroyed, or disrupted by an attack, natural disaster, or other incident.

12. 12 Protective Measures Deter Threats – Mitigate Vulnerabilities – Minimize Consequences Mitigation and Use of Backup Systems ― Near equal capability: ― Positioning/Navigation: VOR/DME, TACAN, ILS ― Timing: Internet Time Service, Network Time Protocol, atomic clocks, computer ― Temporary fix (resourcefulness, ingenuity) ― Work-around (manual) ― T/F users have more options for back-ups Protection of the RNSS spectrum; international cooperation Integrate into exercises and training Require jam-resistance and/or consider anti-jam solutions for future satellite vehicles Reporting/Coordinating: ― U.S. Air Force, GPS Operations Center (constellation) ― Federal Aviation Administration, National Operations Center (aviation) ― U.S. Coast Guard, Navigation Center (civil interface) ― Federal Communications Commission (enforcement) Protective actions: steps to mitigate the overall risk to the system or its interconnecting links.

13. 13 A Culture of Resiliency* Robustness: ability to keep operating or stay standing ―Design systems strong enough to take a punch ―Devise substitutable or redundant systems ―Invest to withstand low-probability, but high-consequence scenarios Resourcefulness: skillfully managing event once it unfolds ―Identify and prioritize options; control impacts; communicate decisions ―Depends on people, not technology ―Pre-plan resources for planners and responders Rapid Recovery: capacity to get things back to normal soonest ―Contingency plans prepared and tested ―Competent response operations ―Put right people and resources to the right place (at the right time) New Lessons: document/draw from the experience ―People must be willing to make pragmatic changes ―Improve robustness/resourcefulness/recovery capabilities Resiliency: capacity of a system to maintain function during or to recover from an incident (NIPP). *From an essay by Stephen E. Flynn, Council on Foreign Affairs, found at ForeignAffairs.org (March/April 2008)

14. 14 Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan Directed by U.S. Policy (2004). Developed by DHS; approved by President (2007) Establishes foundation for planning and actions Promotes coordination, cooperation and information exchange Oversight by a DHS executive committee and work group Main planning in U.S., but acknowledges international dependencies and potential for service disruptions, whether intentional or unintentional More information at pnt.gov

15. 15 GPS Improvements Launched 3 modernized satellites in past 12 months –Largest GPS constellation size ever –Retiring old satellites improves overall GPS accuracy New, modernized master control station –Improved operational flexibility and responsiveness –Added backup control station Expanded GPS ground network to triple amount of monitor data sent to control station –10 — 15% improvement in accuracy of GPS data broadcast Additional Civil Signals: Second (L2C), Third (L5), Fourth (L1)

16. 16 GPS III Update Contract for GPS III-A satellites awarded in May Contracts for Next-Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX), awarded in November, 2007 Future increments of GPS III will incorporate additional capabilities to address vulnerabilities, e.g. higher power, anti-jam features

17. 17 U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GNSS Technology No direct user fees for civil GPS services –Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis Open, public signal structures for all civil services –Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value - added services –Encourages open, market - driven competition Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide Protection of RNSS spectrum

18. 18 Keys to Global Success of GNSS Cooperation, interoperability and compatibility is a priority –Bilateral: Europe, Japan, Russia, India, Australia –Multilateral: ICAO, IMO, NATO, International Committee on GNSS –Protection of RNSS Spectrum Program stability and performance –Augmentations enable even higher performance –New civil signal available now –Many additional upgrades scheduled Encourage worldwide use of civil GNSS and augmentations Policy stability and transparency Commercial entrepreneurship and investment GNSS: essential component of multiple global critical infrastructure sectors Address vulnerabilities and improve protective capabilities, performance and resistance to interference

19. 19 For Additional Information… GPS.govPNT.gov

20. 6822 Herbert C. Hoover Building 1401 Constitution Ave, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20230 United States of America Tel:+1 (202) 482-5809 Email:PNT.Office@PNT.govPNT.Office@PNT.gov Robert Crane Senior Advisor Robert.Crane@pnt.gov