1. Disasters by anna panagiotarea

2. Geological disasters Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions
Natural disaster
Geological disasters
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions

3. Geological disasters

4. A geological disaster …occurs when :
Natural geological processes impact on our activities,
Geological disasters however, still inflict a major economic and social cost to the province.
Such disasters are to differing degrees avoidable or preventable, if they are identified quite early!

5. a potential disaster
A geological hazard is a potential disaster. This is mainly due to its situation :
A. In a inactive seismic area,
B. Because of low population density.
The Province of Newfoundland and Labrador is fortunate in that.
Such impacts are minor compared to many other parts of the world.

6. Newfoundland and Labrador History
Newfoundland and Labrador’s inhabitants, can be traced back over 9,000 years to the Maritime Archaic Indians, appropriately named due to their reliance on the sea.  Over the years, they were displaced by the Palaeoeskimo people, the L’nu, and Innuit in Labrador and the Beothuks on Newfoundland. Newfoundland and Labrador was the first area of North America's Atlanticcoastline to be explored byEuropeans, beginning with the Vikings in 1001. 
Innui
Innui

7. Giovanni Caboto,John Cabot, Jean Cabot, Juan Caboto.
British explorer, John Cabot, arrived in Newfoundland at Bonavista in 1497 and claimed the land as a British colony for King Henry VIII.
The non-Italian forms are not wrong. They reflect the way contemporary 15th-century documents described him.
In 1610, the first colony was established at Cupids by London and Bristol merchants.

8. Volcanic eruptions

9. Volcano
A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magna, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface.
Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging.
Volcanoes are usually not created, where two tectonic plates slide past one another.
Volcanoes can also form, where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis“.

10. Italy
The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy, whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology

11. Cross-section through a stratovolcano
1. Large magma chamber 2. Bedrock 3. Conduit (pipe) 4. Base 5. Sill 6. Dike 7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano 8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano 10. Throat 11. Parasitic cone 12. Lava flow 13. Vent 14. Crater 15. Ash cloud

12. Minoan eruption Satellite image of Thera, November 21, 2000
This eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history .
The eruption devastated the island of Thera (Santorini) including the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri - as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete.

13. akrotiri
The eruption seems to have inspired certain Greek myths and may have caused turmoil in Egypt.[
Additionally, it has been speculated that the Minoan eruption and the destruction of the city at Akrotiri , provided the basis inspired Plato’s story of Atlantis

14. Thera

15. The “story” of Atlantis

16. Atlantis - Just a “story” ?
For over two thousand years,
the story of Atlantis
was just a story.
Then, in the late 1800s,
an American named Ignatius Donnelly
became fascinated with the story
and wrote a book called Atlantis,
the Antediluvian World, which became a bestseller. Ignatius studied flood history
from Egypt to Mexico
and believed that Plato was recording
an actual natural disaster.
Since then, several books have been written about the lost city.
Read more:

17. ...in to the ocean In Plato's account, Atlantis was a naval power
lying "in front of the Pillars of Hercules"
that conquered
many parts of Western Europe and Africa,
9,000 years before the time of Solon, or approximately 9600 BC.
After a failed attempt to invade Athens,
Atlantis sank into the ocean
"in a single day and night of misfortune".

18. Atlantis city

19. Plato, describes the Atlantians as great engineers and architects.
There were palaces, harbors, temples and docks.
The capital city was built on a hill and surrounded by rings of water,
which were joined by tunnels large enough for a ship to sail through.
A huge canal connected the outer rings of water to the ocean.
On the outskirts of the capital city there were huge fields,
where farmers grew the city's food.
Past the field there were mountains where wealthy villagers lived. Plato goes great detail about the amazing buildings - complete with hot and cold fountains, shared dining halls and stone walls covered with precious metals.
Living In Atlantis

20. Older traditions
Scholars dispute whether and how much Plato's story was inspired by older traditions.
Some scholars argue Plato drew upon memories of past events
such as the Thera eruption or the Trojan War, while others insist, that he took inspiration from contemporary events like the destruction of Helike in 373 b.c, or the failed Athenian
invasion of Sicily in 415–413 BC ]

21. Atlantis Athanasius Kircher's map of Atlantis,
in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
From Mundus Subterraneus 1669,
published in Amsterdam.
The map is oriented with south at the top.
Atlantis (in Greek, Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, “Is the island of Atlas") is a legendary island first mentioned in Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias.

22. Earthquakes An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor)
is the result of a sudden release of energy
in the Earth's crust, that creates seismic waves.
The seismicity or seismic activity
of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

23. Richter magnitude
Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers.
The moment magnitude ( similar over the range of validity of the Richter scale) of an earthquake is conventionally reported.
With magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes, being mostly almost imperceptible.
Magnitude 7 and over potentially causing serious damage over large areas, depending on their depth.

24. Magnitude scale
The Richter magnitude scale, also known as the local magnitude (ML) scale, assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake.
For example, an earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10.
The effective -upper limit of measurement- for local magnitude ML is just below 9 for local magnitudes and just below 10 for moment magnitude when applied to large earthquakes

25. Magnitude 9,0 !
The largest earthquakes, in historic times, have been of magnitude slightly over 9. Although, there is no limit to the possible magnitude.
The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger, was the earthquake in Japan in the 11th of March 2011.
It was the largest Japanese earthquake, since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
The shallower an earthquake, costs more damage to structures. All else being equal.

26. Hydrological disasters
Floods
Limnic eruptions
Tsunamis

27. Floods Flash flooding caused
by heavy rain falling in a short amount of time.
A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.
The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not
normally covered by water.

28. Seasonal changes Flooding may result from the volume of water
within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water, escapes its usual boundaries.
The size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes.

29. Floods in Athens
Glyfada & Syngrou

30. Where is the parking?
A parking lot sign tops the flood waters of Elbe river in Meissen, Germany, 16 August 2010.
Elbe river gauge amounted to 4.84 metres: means 2.84 metres above normal water level.

31. A limnic eruption,
A limnic eruption -also referred to as a lake overturn- is a rare type of natural disaster in which carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly erupts from deep lake water, suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans.
Such an eruption may also cause tsunami, in the lake as the rising CO2 displaces water. Scientists believe landslides, volcanic activity, or explosions can trigger, such an eruption.
Lakes in which such activity occurs may be known as limnically active lakes or exploding lakes. Some features of limnically active lakes include:
CO2-saturated incoming water

32. Limnic eruption II Some features of limnically active lakes include:
CO2-saturated incoming water
A cool lake bottom indicating an absence of direct volcanic interaction with lake waters
An upper and lower thermal layer with differing CO2 saturations.
Proximity to areas with volcanic activity,
scientists have recently determined, from investigations into the mass casualties in the 1980s at Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos, that limnic eruptions and volcanic eruptions, although indirectly related, are actually separate types of disaster events.

33. Lake Monoun & Nyos
On August 15, 1984, the lake exploded in a limnic eruption, which resulted in the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide, that killed 37 people.
At first, the cause of the deaths was a mystery, and causes such as terrorism were suspected. Further investigation and a similar event- two years later- at Lake Nyos led to the currently accepted explanation.
Nyos , is a deep lake [208 m] , high on the flank of an inactive volcano, in the Oku volcanic plain, along the Cameroon line of volcanic activity. A natural dam of volcanic rock contains the lake waters.

34. Fires

35. common form...
Fire, in its most common form, as a result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage, through burning.
Fire is an important process, that affects ecological systems, across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems.
The negative effects of fire, include:
increased water purity, 2.
increased soil erosion,
3. increase in atmospheric pollutants,
4. increased hazard to human life.

36. tetrahedron
Fires start, when a flammable material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an oxidizer, such as oxygen gas, is exposed to a source of heat and is able to sustain , a rate of rapid oxidation, that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called: The fire tetrahedron:
Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning, only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, which enables the reactants to combust more readily.

37. Fires in Greece
June 28, 2007:
It is perceived to have been started by either an exploding electrical pylon or by arsonists.
Significant parts of the Parnitha National Park were destroyed. In total, the fire burnt 15,723 acres (63.6 km2) of the core of the national forest, in few days. This is one of the worst recorded wildfires in Attica since the Penteli fire of July 1995.
The magnitude of the devastation was unforeseen. Environmental studies in Greece report that the Athenian microclimate will significantly change to warmer, during the summer, and flooding is now a very probable danger for the northern suburbs of the city.
Mount Parnitha was considered the lungs of Athens. Following its considerable burning, both the city and local flora and fauna are expected to feel the consequences. Other affected areas included : Pelion, Agia and Melivoia.

38. July 2007
11 July 2007
A fire sparked, at a garbage dump, near at Skiathos and spread across the island.
Residents and tourists were forced to evacuate to nearby Troulos and returned after the fire was put out.
More than 100 fires were reported by July 15, 2007, in such locations as Keratea outside of Athens, Peloponnese, and on the Aegean islands of Andros, Evia, Lesbos, and Samos, as well as Crete and the Ionian island of Kefalonia.
20 July 2007
In Peloponnese, a fire which started from the mountains over the town of Aigio expanded rapidly towards Diakopto and Akrata, destroyed a large area of forests and cultivated land. In the same fire many villages were totally or partiallly burned, resulting in the loss of 230 houses, 10 churches; three people lost their lives. A 26-year old farmer and a 77-year old woman were arrested on suspicion of arson concerning the fires in Aigio and Diakopto. The farmer confessed and is currently held in prison

39. Fires continued… August 17, 2007
Fires started to burn on the outskirts of Athens. The fire
started from Mt. Penteli, burning down towards the
suburbs. More than sixty fire engines, nineteen planes
and helicopters, and hundreds of firefighters, as well as locals attempted to hold back the fire. Melisia, Vrilisia, and Penteli city were affected. The fire was put out, once winds calmed down.
On August 24, 2007,
fires broke out in Peloponnese, Attica and Euboea. In
Peloponnese, the fire burnt many villages and
accounted for 60 deaths. Six people were reported to
have been killed in the town of Areopoli.In Zacharo,
one of the worst hit areas, at least 30 people were
found dead by firefighters while searching burning cars
and homes.
Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis declared a state of
emergency for the whole country and requested help from fellow members of the European Union. Multiple countries responded to the call. 1,000 military personnel involved in the fire fighting.
Fires continued…

40. Fire in OLympia...
August
Olympia, site of the ancient Olympics and World Heritage Site, was evacuated. Fears were expressed for the survival of the ruins of ancient Olympia lying near the raging fire. The famous statue of Hermes of Praxitelis and nearby antiquities were spared from the fire, but the yard of the museum, where the statue is housed was scorched. According to the official statement no serious damage was caused to the antiquities.

41. Kronos Hilltop
The fire burnt all the trees on the hilltop above, and an area of open space adjacent to the Olympic Academy.
The fire did not damage the archaeological museum, nor the several ancient structures in the area.

42. Museum of Olympia

43. Olympia “ The wider archaeological space of Olympia remains intact,"
Diclared the former minister of culture.
Despite the Minister's claims, it has been established, that the afflicted damage is of greater importance and scale; the sacred Hill of Kronos was totally burnt during the blaze.
The hill was left blackened, but soon reforested. New Culture Minister stated that 3,200 bushes and saplings planted on the Hill of Kronos, and the area to its previous appearance.

44. The Olympic games
The games were held every four years, beginning on the second or third full moon after the summer solstice— so, sometime in late July or August.
Originally, they lasted only one day and consisted of a single event, a footrace known as the stadion, but by 472 BC the competitions had been considerably expanded and the festival had been extended to five days.
From the time of the seventh Olympiad (748 BC) onwards the prize was a kotinos, a garland of wild olive, from a sacred tree which grew on the site.

45. 1200 years contineuity…
The branch was cut by a boy whose parents were still both living— evidently a fertility rite of some antiquity. The games were staged without interruption for almost twelve hundred years until they were abolished, along with all of the other pagan cults, by the emperor Theodosius in 393 BC.

46. On September 1st of September
The fires continued to burn into early September. On September 1, 2007, firefighters were still suppressing a strong blaze in Peloponnese. Three blazes remained, with the fires destructive path continuing in Arcadia and Mt. Parnon in Laconia. Then, on September 3, 2007 a lightning strike started a new fire on Mt. Vermion, which was soon brought under control by firefighters. On September 5 the death toll reached 67, and on September 21 reached 68.

47. Meteorological disasters
Blizzards /Cyclonic storms/Droughts
Hailstorms/Tornadoes

48. BLIZZARD
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm, characterized by strong winds.
By definition, the difference between blizzard and a snowstorm is the strength of the wind.
To be a blizzard, a snow storm must have winds in excess of 56 km/h (35 mph) with blowing
or drifting snow which reduces visibility to 400 meters or less and must last for a certain period of time — typically three hours or more.

49. Iran Blizzards
Ground blizzards require high winds to stir up already fallen snow.
Blizzards can paralyze regions for days at a time, particularly where snowfall is unusual or rare.
The 1972 Iran blizzard, which caused approximately 4000 deaths, was the deadliest in recorded history.
A week-long period of low temperatures and winter storms, lasting from February 3 to February 9, 1972, dumped more than ten feet (three metres) of snow across rural areas in northwestern, central and southern Iran.

50. Anthropogenic environmental disasters
1. Bhopal: the Union Carbide gas leak 2. Chernobyl: Russian nuclear power plant explosion 3. Seveso: Italian dioxin crisis 4. The 1952 London smog disaster 5. Major oil spills of the 20th and 21st century 6. The Love Canal chemical waste dump 7. The Baia Mare cyanide spill 8. The European BSE crisis 9. Spanish waste water spill 10. The Three Mile Island near nuclear disaster

51. The Bhopal disaster… …is the world's worst industrial catastrophe.
, It occurred on the night of December 2–3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
A leak of gas and other chemicals, from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people.
1. The official immediate death toll was 2,259
2. The government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.
3.Others estimate that 3,000 died within weeks and that another 8,000 have since died from gas-related diseases.

52. Chernobyl: Explosion
2. Russian nuclear power plant

53. 3. Seveso: Italian dioxin crisis
The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident that occurred around 12:37 pm, July 10, 1976, in a small chemical manufacturing plant approximately 15 km north of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.
It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations
which gave rise to numerous scientific studies and standars industrial safety regulations.
The EU industrial safety regulations are known as the Seveso II Directive.

54. Results
The safety operations handled by the company's directors and local government were badly coordinated and to some extent incompetent.
At least a week passed before it was publicly stated that dioxin had been emitted and another week passed before evacuation began.
Few scientific studies had confirmed the level of danger TCDD posed.

55. Traumatic experience
As a result the local population was caught unaware when the accident happened and in such an insecure situation became very frightened.
Confrontation with an invisible poison possibly extremely hazardous to human health was a very traumatic experience for small rural communities

56. 4. The 1952 London smog disaster
The weather in Greater London had been unusually cold for several weeks leading up to the event.
Because of the cold weather, households were burning more coal
than usual to keep warm.

57. ..since industrial revolution...
The smoke from approximately one million coal-fired stoves, in addition to the emissions from local Industry, was released into the atmosphere.
Increases in smoke and sulfur emissions from the combustion of coal, had been occurring since the Industrial Revolution and the British were familiar with these types of smog events.

58. Pea soupers...
At times, the smoke and emissions were so heavy that residents referred to the events as ‘pea soupers’ because the fog was as dense as pea soup. However, while the area had experienced heavy smog in the past, no event had caused such problems as the weather event in December, 1952.

59. Causes of Death The smog-related deaths
were primarily attributed to pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and heart failure.
Many with preexisting conditions,
including asthma, died of respiratory distress.

60. Cardiac distress
Many others died of cardiac distress and asphyxiation. Non-fatal health effects from the smog included short-term chest pains, lung inflammation and diminished breathing ability, damaged respiratory cells, permanent lung damage, and increased incidence of asthma attacks. It is also thought that the smog could have increased the population’s risk of cancer.

61. Air pollution
The smog-related deaths spurred the British government to take action and clean up the nation’s air. Society was becoming aware of the connection between fuel combustion, atmospheric pollution, and damages to public health.
The 1956 Clean Air Act gave local governments the authority to provide funds to households to convert their coal-fired heaters for use of cleaner sources of energy such as gas, oil, smokeless coal, or electricity.

62. 5. Major oil spills of the 20th and 21st century 10 Famous Spills

63. AMOCO CADIZ
The Amoco Cadiz encountered stormy weather and ran aground off the coast of Brittany, France on March 16, Its entire cargo of 68.7 million gallons of oil spilled into the sea, polluting about 200 miles of Brittany's coastline.

64. Arabian Gulf Spills During the 1991 Gulf War, tankers and oil terminals in Kuwait were destroyed, causing the release of an estimated 6-8 million barrels ( million gallons) of oil into the waters of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf. Many oil wells in Kuwait were destroyed and set on fire, resulting in the release of much greater amounts of oil and combustion products to land, air, and water in Kuwait.

65. Argo Merchant
On December 15, 1976, the Argo Merchant ran aground on Fishing Rip (Nantucket Shoals), 29 nautical miles southeast of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts in high winds and ten foot seas.
Six days later, the vessel broke apart and spilled its entire cargo of 7.7 million gallons of No. 6 fuel oil.

66. Barge Bouchard 155 On August 10, 1993,
three ships collided in Tampa Bay, Florida: the barge Bouchard 155,
the freighter Balsa 37,
and the barge Ocean 255.
The Bouchard 155 spilled an estimated 336,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil into Tampa Bay.

67. Barge Cibro Savannah
On March 6, 1990, the Cibro Savannah exploded and caught fire while departing the pier at the Citgo facility in Linden, New Jersey.
About 127,000 gallons of oil remained unaccounted for after the incident. No one knows how much oil burned and how much spilled into the environment

68. Burmah Agate
On November 1, 1979, the Burmah Agate collided with the freighter Mimosa southeast of Galveston Entrance in the Gulf of Mexico. The collision caused an explosion and a fire on the Burmah Agate that burned until January 8, An estimated 2.6 million gallons of oil were released into the environment, and another 7.8 million gallons were consumed by the fire.

69. Exxon Valdez
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
The tanker was traveling outside the normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice.
It spilled 10.8 million gallons of oil (out of a total cargo of 53 million gallons) into the marine environment, and impacted more than 1,100 miles of non-continuous Alaskan coastline.
State and Federal agencies continue to monitor the effects of this spill, which was the largest oil spill in U.S. history

70. Ixtoc I
The 2-mile-deep exploratory well, Ixtoc I, blew out on June 3, 1979 in the Bay of Campeche off Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico. The water depth at the wellhead site is about 50 m (164 feet).
By the time the well was brought under control in March, 1980, an estimated 140 million gallons of oil had spilled into the bay.
The Ixtoc I spill is currently #2 on the all-time list of largest oil spills of all time.

71. Jupiter
On September 16, 1990, the tank vessel Jupiter was offloading gasoline at a refinery on the Saginaw River near Bay City, Michigan, when a fire started on board and the vessel exploded

72. Megaborg
The Megaborg released 5.1 million gallons of oil as the result of a lightering accident and subsequent fire.
The incident occurred 60 nautical miles south-southeast of Galveston, Texas on June 8, 1990.

73. Environmental disaster
An environmental disaster is a disaster to the natural environment due to human activity.
It should not be confused with the separate concept of a natural disaster.
disaster is a natural or man-made hazard that has come to causing:
1. Significant physical damage
2. destruction,
3.loss of life,
4 .drastic change to the environment.
A disaster can be defined, as any other tragic event with great loss stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, explosions of volcanoes.

74. Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in United States history
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

75. researchers Being human-made, Their reasoning as being human actions
…have been studying disasters for more than a century…
The studies reflect a common opinion that:
All disaster can been seen as:
Being human-made,
Their reasoning as being human actions
Can prevent a hazard developing into a disaster.
All disasters are the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures.

76. Natural/human Natural Hazards are divided into : A. Natural
Increases the impact…
Hazards are divided into :
A. Natural
B. Human-made,
C. Complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries.
A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact.
A classic example is an earthquake :
A. Causes a tsunami,
B. Coastal flooding.

77. Natural disaster… volcanic eruption earthquake Human vulnerability
…is a consequence when a natural hazard as ,
volcanic eruption
earthquake
Human vulnerability
lack of appropriate emergency management,
leads:
to financial environmental impact
To human impact.

78. The causes The Natural hazards The Rapid growth
Various disasters like:
1. Earthquake,
2. Volcanic eruptions,
3. Flood
4. Cyclones
are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year
The rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environment has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters.

79. Asia on the top With: the tropical climate the unstable land forms,
the deforestation,
the unplanned growth of people
The non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas mere vulnerable,
With
the tardy communication,
the poor allocation for disaster prevention,
developing countries suffer more by natural disasters.
Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disaster.

80. 1990: Decade for Reduction
it may not be possible to control nature and to stop the development of natural phenomena, but the efforts could be made to avoid:
A. Disasters
B. Minimize their effects on human lives, infrastructure and property.
The General Assembly of the United Nations to proclaim 1990s, as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) through a resolution 44/236 of December 22, 1989 to focus on all issues related to natural disaster reduction.

81. The public awareness
In spite of IDNDR, there had been a string of major disaster throughout the decade.
Nevertheless, by establishing the rich disaster management related traditions and by spreading public awareness the IDNDR provided required stimulus for disaster reduction.

82. Warning strategies
However, it is possible to reduce the impact of disasters by adopting suitable disaster mitigation strategies. :
1. Minimize the potential risks by developing disaster early warning strategies
2. Prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters,
3. mobilize resources including communication and tele-medicinal services
4. to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction.

83. Supporting strategies
5. Prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters,
6. Mobilize resources including communication and tele-medicinal services
to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction.
7. The local communities at the time of disaster
or before the disaster make groups for helping the people from suffering during the disaster.

84. Helping strategies These groups include: 1. First Aid group,
2.Health group,
3.Food and Welfare group
They have to be all well trained by some local community members.
All the groups are sent for helping any other local community , that is suffering from a disaster.
What they have to do:
1. They migrate the people from the area affected from disaster, to safe regions.
2. They provide shelter and every possible facilities by those local management communities.
Today, Government is also making effort to provide good facilities during the disaster.
An example:
In India, in the rural areas, the community(group of families) are choosing a leader and developing their Disaster management skills to protect themselves and other local communities as well.

85. Do it as India does…
They are given shelter and every possible facilities by those local management communities. Today, Government is also making effort to provide good facilities during the disaster. In India, in the rural areas, the community(group of families) are choosing a leader and developing their Disaster management skills to protect themselves and other local communities as well.

86. Defining an emergency Immediately threatening to life health, property
…the incident should be:
Immediately threatening to life
health,
property
4 . environment.
Have already caused:
loss of life,
health detriments,
property damage
4. environmental damage ]

87. The response The emergency services agree on protecting : 1.human life
2. health,
3.property,
The environmental impacts are not considered sufficiently important by some agencies This also extends to areas such as animal welfare, where some emergency organisations cover this element through the 'property' definition, where animals owned by a person are threatened.
This does not cover wild animals).

88. Endanger wild animal...
This means that some agencies will not mount an 'emergency' response where it endangers wild animals or environment.
Although others will respond to such incidents (such as oil spills at sea that threaten marine life).
The attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion of the government of the area.

89. The services Most developed countries operate emergency with :
A. B. Police – who deal :
1.with security [ person-property],
2. Deal with punishment of those who cause an emergency through their actions.
B. Fire service :
1. – who deal with harmful fires,
2. rescue operations such as dealing with road traffic collisions.
Their actions help to prevent loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.

90. C. Emergency Medical Service
– These services attempt to reduce loss of life or damage to health.
This service is likely to be decisive in attempts to prevent loss of life and damage to health. In some areas "Emergency Medical Service" is abbreviated to simply EMS.
[emergency medical service]

91. protocols
There are many protocols apply in an emergency, which usually start with planning before an emergency occurs.
1. One commonly used system for demonstrating the phases is shown here on the right.

92. Phases of emergency
The planning phase starts on how they will respond to a given incident or set of circumstances, include:
command
control,
division of activities between agencies.
They have to work all as a team.
The have to establish an official rest centre for victims of a disaster.