1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Chapter 8 Extending classes with inheritance

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Extending classes with inheritance inheritance is the sharing of attributes and methods among classes on a hierarchical basis; we take a class, and then define other classes based on the first one; the new classes inherit all the attributes and methods of the first one, but also have attributes and methods of their own. say an Employee class has: –two attributes, number and name; –a user-defined constructor; –some basic get- and set- methods for the attributes. we wish a PartTimeEmployee class to: –inherit these attributes and methods –have an additional attribute, hourlyPay; –have some methods to access this attribute; –have one additional method, calculateWeeklyPay.

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 UML uses a triangle to denote inheritance:

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Implementing inheritance in Java - the PartTimeEmployee class The header using the keyword extends means that the PartTimeEmployee class (the subclass) inherits all the attributes and methods of the Employee class (the superclass); therefore although we haven't coded them, any object of the PartTimeEmployee class will have, for example, an attribute called name and a method called getNumber.; a PartTimeEmployee is now a kind of Employee.

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Potential problem the attributes have been declared as private in the superclass; thus, although they are now part of our PartTimeEmployee class, none of the PartTimeEmployee class methods can directly access them; the subclass has only the same access rights as any other class. Possible solutions Solution 1 we could declare the original attributes as public; but this would take away the whole point of encapsulation. Solution 2 we could use the special keyword protected instead of private; anything declared as protected is accessible to the methods of any subclasses; Solution 3 leave the attributes as private, but plan carefully in advance which get and set methods you are going to provide.

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 The attribute this declares an attribute, hourlyPay, which is unique to the subclass; remember that the attributes of the superclass, Employee, will be inherited, so in fact any PartTimeEmployee object will have three attributes. The constructor we want to be able to assign values to the number and name at the time that the object is created; the constructor will need to receive parameters that will be assigned to the number and name attributes.

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Question how are we going to do this when the number and name attributes have been declared as private in the superclass ? Answer we can call the constructor of the superclass by using the keyword super: the line that calls super has to be the first one.

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 the remaining methods of PartTimeEmployee are new methods specific to the subclass:

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Extending the Oblong class the original Oblong class had the capability of reporting on the perimeter and area of the oblong; the extended class will have the capability of sending back a string representation of itself composed of a number of symbols such as asterisks - for example: ***** we can think of the instruction to start a new line as just another character; for convenience we can call ; our string could be written like this. ***** ***** ***** in Java we are able to represent this character with a special character that looks like this: '\n'

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11. Analysis of The ExtendedOblong class The constructor

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 The draw method this introduces the new concept of type casting:

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Type casting type casting means forcing an item to change from one type to another; the draw method is going to create a string of one or more rows of stars or crosses or whatever symbol is chosen; the dimensions of the oblong are defined as doubles; the draw method needs to be dealing with whole numbers of rows and columns; so we must convert the length and height of the oblong from doubles to ints; there will be some loss of precision here, but that won't matter in this particular case.

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 type casting is achieved by placing the new type name in brackets before the item you wish to change:

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Method overriding you have seen that one way of achieving polymorphism is by method overloading; this involves methods of the same class having the same name, but being distinguished by their parameter lists; another way of achieving polymorphism is by method overriding. consider a class called Customer, and a subclass of this called GoldCustomer.

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17. notice that the method dispatchGoods appears in both the superclass and the subclass, and that its interface is identical in both classes. the Customer class has three attributes: –the first represents the customer's name; –the second, totalMoneyPaid represents the total amount of money that a customer has paid so far; –the third, totalGoodsRecieved, represents the value of the goods that have so far been dispatched to the customer; normally, goods would not be dispatched to a customer unless the customer had already paid for them; for goods of a particular value to be dispatched, the difference between totalMoneyPaid and totalGoodsReceived must therefore be at least as much as the value of the goods.

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Certain customers - known as "gold" customers - have extra privileges and are given a credit limit; in the case of such a customer, goods can be dispatched as long as the credit limit is not exceeded; the behaviour of the dispatchGoods method is therefore going to be different in the case of the superclass and that of the subclass; we cans define the method in the superclass, and then define a different version in the subclass; in other words we can override the method in the subclass, thus achieving polymorphism. Note in the case of method overloading, the different methods were distinguished by the parameter lists; in the case of method overriding, they are distinguished by the object with which they are associated.

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 We have made the attributes protected so that they will be visible in the subclass; The calculateBalance method returns the current balance of the customer's account - that is the difference between the total amount of money paid by the customer, and the total value of the goods that the customer has received so far. The recordPayment method simply records the fact that a customer has made a payment by adding the amount of the payment to the total amount that the customer has paid. The dispatchGoods method first checks that the customer has enough money in his or her account to pay for the goods that are to be dispatched; - if this is the case the value of the goods being dispatched is added to the total value of the goods received so far, and a value of true is returned; -if the customer does not have enough funds to pay for the goods (that is, the balance is less than the value of the goods) a value of false is returned; -the return value could be used by the calling method to determine whether or not the goods should actually be sent out to the customer.

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Notes on the GoldCustomer class The dispatchGoods method we have a method in the subclass with exactly the same name, the same parameter list, and the same return value (in other words the same interface) as a method in the superclass; however, in the original method in the superclass (Customer), we checked whether the customer had sufficient funds with the following condition: in the subclass (GoldCustomer) the condition has to take into account the fact that the customer is allowed a negative balance up to the limit of his or her credit:

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 consider the following lines in a program: in the first call to dispatchGoods, the version of the method as defined in Customer will be called, because it is associated with a Customer object, firstCustomer; in the second call to dispatchGoods, the version of the method as defined in GoldCustomer will be called, because it is associated with a GoldCustomer object, secondCustomer.

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Abstract classes

23. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Note we have included a new method in the Employee class, called getStatus - which also appears in both subclasses. the two subclasses contain the attributes and methods appropriate to the class; in fact any employee will always be either a full-time employee or a part-time employee; there is never going to be a situation in which an individual is just an "employee"; so users of a program that included all these classes would never find themselves creating objects of the Employee class; it would therefore be a good idea to prevent people from doing this; we do so by to declaring the class as abstract; once a class has been declared in this way it means that you are not allowed to create objects of that class; the Employee simply acts a basis on which to build other classes.

24. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Why use abstract methods? say a method of some class expects to receive as a parameter an object the Employee class; inside this method there is some code that calls a particular method of Employee – for example a method called getStatus; inheritance means that an object of any subclass of Employee is a kind of Employee; it can therefore be passed as a parameter into a method that expects an Employee object; however, this subclass must have a getStatus method for it to be able to be passed as a parameter into a method that calls getStatus; by declaring the abstract method getStatus in the superclass we can insist that every subclass must have a getStatus method; we can tell anyone who is going to use a derivative of Employee to go ahead and call a getStatus method because it will definitely be there.

25. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 The final modifier you know that final can be used to modify a variable and turn it into a constant; in the case of a class it is placed before the class declaration, like this: this means that the class cannot be subclassed. in the case of a method it is used like this: this means that the method cannot be overridden.

26. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 The Object class in Java, every single class that is created is derived from what we might call a special "super superclass"; this super superclass is called Object; so every object in Java is in fact a kind of Object. this allows us to create very generic methods - methods that can receive any kind of object; it also allows us to create generic arrays - arrays of Objects.

27. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Wrapper classes and autoboxing How could you use an array of Objects to store a simple type such as an int or a char - or to pass such a type to a method that expects an Object? for every primitive type, Java provides a corresponding class; the name of the class is similar to the basic type, but begins with a capital letter. for example: –Integer; –Character; –Float; –Double. they are called wrapper classes because they "wrap" a class around the basic type. an object of the Integer class, for example, holds an integer value.

28. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Example imagine we had created and array of objects as follows: one way of storing an integer value such as 37 in this array would be: the constructor of the Integer class accepts a primitive value and creates the corresponding Integer object; here we have created an Integer object from the primitive value 37, and this is now stored in the array. Java 5.0, however, allows us to make use of a technique known as autoboxing; this involves the automatic conversion of a primitive type such as an int to an object of the appropriate wrapper class; this allows us to do the following:

29. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 one way to retrieve this value from this array and assign it to an int would be: we type cast from Object back to Integer; the Integer class provides a getValue method to retrieve the primitive value form the object. Java 5.0 also allows us to make use of a technique called unboxing that converts from the wrapper class back to the primitive type; so the above could be written as:

30. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 A mixed list program 8.5 creates an array that is going to hold a mixture of different objects at the same time - some full- time employees and some part-time employees. so, we are going to have an array that at some particular time could look like this:

31. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006 Test run from program 8.5 Enter the employee number: 1 Enter the employee's name: Jones ull-time or art-time? f Enter the annual salary: 30000 Enter the employee number: 2 Enter the employee's name: Agdeboye ull-time or art-time? f Enter the annual salary: 35000 Enter the employee number: 3 Enter the employee's name: Sharma ull-time or art-time? p Enter the hourly pay: 15 Employee number: 1 Employee name: Jones Status: Full-Time Employee number: 2 Employee name: Agdeboye Status: Full-Time Employee number: 3 Employee name: Sharma Status: Part-Time