1. 1 Villars 2004 A Future Fixed Target Programme at CERN? Conclusions of the SPSC Villars Meeting 22 nd -28 th September 2004 Ian C. Brock University of Bonn

2. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 2  Framework  Machines and Beams  Antiproton Physics  Other Topics  Flavour Physics  Heavy Ions  Soft and Hard Protons  Neutrinos Outline

3. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 3  “to review present and future activities and opportunities in fixed-target physics, and to consider possibilities and options for a future fixed target programme at CERN” globally important realistic (beams + resources) short, intermediate, and long term  From the Scientific Policy Committee Charge SPSC not in approval/rejection mode !

4. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 4  “… groups working on fixed target experiments at CERN, and also groups which have in mind the submission of proposals for such experiments, to forward to the SPSC secretariat in due time a short report indicating their ideas and plans for the future”  SPSC67 April 2004 11 submissions received + COMPASS DIRAC Kπ atoms CNGS  September: Villars  December: report to RB + SPC Input and Timetable committed beyond 2005 }

5. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 5 Programme [1][1] including presentations by convenors of conclusions concerning physics directions DateMorningAfternoon Wednesday Sept 22 CERN perspective + accelerators MMWSPL HIF Heavy Ion 1 Thursday Sept 23Heavy Ion 2Neutrino 1 Friday Sept 24Neutrino 2 Soft and hard hadron physics 1 Saturday Sept 25 Soft and hard hadron physics 2 Antiproton 1 Sunday Sept 26Antiproton 2HF 1 Monday Sept 27HF 2 Other Topics Discussion Tuesday Sept 28 Summary, Discussion & Conclusions

6. 6 Machines and Beams

7. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 7 CERN 2004

8. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 8 Users View of Future: pre Villars04 USER CERN COMMITMENT* USERS’ WISHES Short term (low cost) Medium term (intermediate cost ~asap) Long term (high cost: >2013) LHCPlanned beamsUltimate luminosityLuminosity upgrades FT (COMPASS) 7.210 5 spills/y ?7.210 5 spills/y CNGS 4.510 19 p/yearUpgrade ~ 2 ISOLDE 1.92 A **Upgrade ~ 5 Future beams > 2 GeV / 4 MW EURISOL1-2 GeV / 5 MW * Reference value for analysis ** 1350 pulses/h – 3.2  10 13 ppp ● as heard by HIP from users

9. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 9  Beam loss irradiation @ high intensity multi-turn ejection from PS (“island extraction”)  Period 0.6 s  0.9 s ? > cost > worse PSB flexibility better  Intensity/SPS pulse  increase CNGS flux machine impedance (kickers, RF…) ? injection energy ? bunching in the PS ? Upgrades only

10. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 10 Fixed target  CNGS CNGS request 4.5 10 19 pot/year FT request 7.2 10 5 spills/year Without changes Double batch + Linac4 Double batch ● FT + CNGS share SPS cycles ● Impossible to meet FT + CNGS demands

11. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 11 Scope of Future Options interest for LHC upgrade Neutrino physics beyond CNGS Radio- active ion beams (EURISOL) Others Low energy 50 Hz RCS (~ 400 MeV/2.5 GeV) Valuable Very interesting for super-beam + beta-beam No? 50 Hz SPL (~ 2 GeV ) Valuable Very interesting for super-beam + beta-beam Ideal Spare flux Þ possibility to serve more users High energy 8 Hz RCS (30-50 GeV) Valuable Very interesting for neutrino factory NoValuable New PS (30-50 GeV) ValuableNo Valuable 1 TeV LHC injector Very interesting for luminosity upgrade. Essential for LHC energyx2 No Valuable synergy

12. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 12 Strategy (and action)  Start 2004/5: PS: multi-turn ejection Increase SPS intensity (impacts all machines) 0.9s PSB repetition  Linac 4 design  construction decision @ end 2006  Prepare decision on optimum future accelerator Study of a Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) Alternative scenarios for the LHC upgrade Context for SPSC strategy and input

13. 13 Antiproton Physics

14. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 14 AD

15. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 15 Unique Ac Decelerator

16. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 16  ASACUSA, ATRAP, ATHENA “routine” production of H antiprotonic He = p e -   Deceleration and capture of p  Production of H and He yield !  Spectroscopy; ideally 1S 2S Present quantum states: n~30 ! Unique Physics at CERN - - - - CPT matter-antimatter

17. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 17 Improvements: ATRAP  Status: 4.2K antiprotons are routinely accumulated Cooling through matter  Improvements? Needed: much lower temperatures Desired: more antiprotons to speed data accumulation Desired: more antiprotons to improve spectroscopy signal-to-noise  Decelerator? RFQD? ELENA? Would give the much larger antiproton rate desired Small ring would fit in AD hall New beam lines would be needed Magnetic fields from experimental apparatus Substantial cost ● New experiments AEGIS ALPHA coming

18. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 18 ELENA  A small machine for deceleration and cooling of antiprotons after AD to lower energies around 100 keV is feasible  One to two orders of magnitude more antiprotons can be available for physics.  Main challenges for the low energy decelerator like ultra low vacuum, beam diagnostics and effective electron cooling can be solved, using experience of AD and member- state laboratories where similar low energy ion machines are operational (ASTRID, Aarhus; CRYring, Stockholm).  The machine can be located inside of the AD Hall with only minor modifications and reshuffling of the present installation.  Machine assembling and commissioning can be done without disturbing current AD operation

19. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 19 SPSC Conclusions (1)  Opportunity for fundamental physics in the CPT violation sector using cold antiprotons  CERN is the only place in the world to explore it and has attracted many external users  Important scientific and technological milestones have been achieved routine production of H anti-protonic He spectroscopy  Strong recommendation to continue the AD program after 2005 and to implement an improved beam switching between experiments  Installation of the additional deceleration ring ELENA would greatly increase the effectiveness of current experiments and offer a long term program using very cold intense anti proton beams -

20. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 20 SPSC Conclusions (2)  Different potential signals of CPT violation should be explored  A variety of approaches to trap ground state H should continue to be pursued without compromising the effective use of available resources  Synergy between the different experiments is strongly encouraged  A roadmap should be available in each collaboration describing the medium and long term future (with and without ELENA) towards the important goal of H spectroscopy - -

21. 21 Other Projects

22. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 22 SPSC Conclusions (1)  Axions (CAST) The Collaboration has produced the best limits to date on the production of axions. It is interesting to note that an important and substantial enhancement in sensitivity can be achieved in the future by taking data with a 4 He and 3 He gas fill. There are also interesting new possibilities for developing further the experimental techniques at CERN, in particular associated with new developments concerned with production of axions where a laser experiment is claiming unexpected results. The SPSC encourages the collaboration to continue to develop its ideas and its methods.  AD4 p therapy The work continues to develop its understanding of the details of the radiation damage of biological matter. In particular the techniques concerned with dosimetry and monitoring which are used continue to be improved. The SPSC notes that in the future the scope of the project could mean that increased resources are necessary from CERN. -

23. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 23 SPSC Conclusions (2)  Electrodynamics in Critical Crystalline Fields An interesting new proposal for a measurement of trident production in a critical field was presented. It was not clear to the SPSC quite how the proposed measurement would contribute to the understanding and exploitation of such physics in the context of CERN’s scientific programme.  (g-2) µ The SPSC considers that precision measurements of (g-2) µ continue to be an important part of understanding physics at the energy frontier. Since the completion of the last (g-2) µ experiment at BNL, which itself followed the pioneering experiment at CERN, it is not yet possible to foresee a new European initiative in the immediate future. However, the SPSC notes that the development of a major new programme of muon and neutrino physics at CERN will make major new opportunities possible. Present CERN resource level appropriate

24. 24 Flavour Physics

25. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 25 Flavour Physics (Kaon Physics) ● Precision measurements of rare flavour decays probe the energy scale, and then flavour structure, of new physics - no SM tree - SM suppression - short distance dynamics FCNC ● Experimental challenge BR~ 10 -10 to 10 -11   10% crucial for new LHC physics

26. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 26 Landscape

27. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 27 “NA48/3” ~80 K +  πνν  2004 Launch GIGATRACKER R&D Vacuum tests Evaluate straw tracker Start realistic cost estimation Complete analysis of beam-test data  2005 Complete of the above Complete specifications Submit proposal to SPSC  2006-2008 Construction, installation and beam-tests  2009-2010 Data taking p  ion NA48/3  COMPASS

28. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 28 SPSC Conclusions (1)  There is a strong physics case for pursuing an ambitious programme of kaon physics at CERN, exploiting the high- energy proton beams available at the SPS for decay-in- flight rare kaon decay measurements. Building on its great expertise in high-intensity neutral and charged kaon beams and on the outstanding physics achievements of the NA48, NA48/1 and NA48/2 experiments in the last decade, CERN should remain in the future a major laboratory for kaon physics at the sensitivity frontier.  The SPSC welcomes the expression of interest for a precise measurement of the K +  π + vv transition. According to present studies the proposed experiment appears competitive in the context of the worldwide kaon physics program. The goal is to detect more than 100 signal events over two years starting in 2009. A major upgrade of the present NA48/2 setup is necessary and the needed R&D and detector developments should be supported.

29. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 29 SPSC Conclusions (2)  In a longer term future CERN could aim at precision measurements in the neutral channels, K 0 L  π 0 e + e - and K 0 L  π 0 vv, which by then may have been observed elsewhere.  The SPSC takes note of the extended, compelling and competitive kaon program that could be made possible by a new high-intensity (MMW) high-energy proton machine.

30. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 30 SPSC Conclusions (3)  The NA60 Collaboration has developed over the years a high-precision detector, comprising a muon spectrometer coupled with a silicon-pixel vertex telescope, capable of handling large track multiplicities. The SPSC takes note of the opportunity of exploiting the excellent di-muon mass and vertex position resolution of the NA60 detector to search for rare open charm decays in p-U collisions, including the highly-suppressed D 0  μ + μ - decay. The feasibility of observing or setting a competitive limit for this decay with the proposed experiment still needs to be demonstrated.

31. 31 Heavy Ions

32. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 32 SPbS Panorama B. Mueller The SP[b]S Panorama photons J/ψ chemistry e+e-e+e- HBT spectra ● exp t @ SPbS + theory  QGP

33. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 33 Chromodynamic Phase Equilibria ● SPS @ phase transition T Early universe RHIC, LHC BB Hadronic matter Critical endpoint Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) Nuclei Chiral symmetry broken Chiral symmetry restored Baryon Dominated HG Meson Dominated HG Color superconductor Neutron stars QGP SPS

34. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 34 Critical Point ● theoretical guidance model dependent Stephanov

35. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 35 North Area: Heavy Ions >2005 After the long shut-down ions will be injected into the SPS via LEIR. The LEIR project has been launched for filling the LHC with ions. Filling the SPS instead will require more resources. If the ions are required for the SPS fixed target program and if the required resources are made available, one might expect to get: Lead ions from 2009 (after PS-SPS-LHC ions running-in) Other (lighter) ions depending on LHC ion physics program. It should be noted that many relevant non-radioactive ion species are possible ‘in principle’, but with significant preparation time and effort. Note that North Area and LHC ions are exclusive if not the same ion Possible intensities are up to 10 9 Pb 54+ from LEIR per transfer (3.6 sec). They can be limited in LEIR with an interlock based on a BCT measurement. Limitation of flux in EHN1 requires new TAX blocks (up to 300 kCHF/beam). It should be noted that ion injection via LEIR for fixed target has not yet been studied in depth. More studies are required at the source, Linac3, LEIR, PS and at the SPS.

36. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 36 Low Mass Dileptons CERES/NA45 NA60 400 GeV σ M ee M µµ ● Excess dileptons – thermal radiation ?

37. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 37 Input Elements for SPSC Conclusions  The CERN fixed target programme with heavy ions has, by any measure, been a spectacular success. CERN results have contributed to the development of theoretical interpretations of the measurements in terms of a phase change in hadronic matter to quark-gluon, coloured, degrees of freedom.  Recent developments confirm that heavy ion beams at the CERN SPS energies and luminosity remain an ideal tool to observe the features of the phase transition whereas higher energy machines are better suited to study the properties of this new state of matter.

38. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 38  NA60 Steady developments in radiation hard detectors have resulted in more refined measurements. In particular, recent results from NA60 show the improvements that can be made using a pixel vertex telescope. The p and In data from NA60 should provide answers to a set of open questions (open charm, rho mass shift, thermal radiation) arising from previous experimental CERN results. Their requested Pb-Pb data would extend the measurements to the highest energy densities available at the SPS  NA49 High p T suppression, a potential signature of jet quenching in the QGP, is a highlight of the RHIC heavy ion results. It has not yet been properly addressed at SPS energies. In light of this, the NA49 Pb-Pb data should be reanalysed. Only then could a proton run for reference data be considered. These data would clarify the interplay between the Cronin effect and high p T suppression.

39. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 39 SPSC General Recommendations  A major step in the field would certainly be achieved through the challenging observation of the critical point of the QCD phase transition. In addition, QCD lattice calculations are expected to constrain better its position in the next few years  Signatures have to be refined and quantified and the corresponding experimental signal, or signals, have to be understood theoretically. In addition, the experimental sensitivity for such measurements must be optimised  The opportunity to pursue a heavy ion physics program at the CERN SPS within the framework and constraints imposed by the LHC should be preserved. Once the LHC has been commissioned with ions, an SPS programme aimed at the study of rare process signatures and important specific issues such as the identification of the critical point as well as the study of its properties would be possible

40. 40 Soft and Hard Hadron Physics

41. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 41 Hadron Physics  Energy frontier Colliders  Precision frontier Colliders + FT  Intensity frontier  Theoretical symbiosis Lattice ChPT pQCD H1 ZEUS - DESY GSI  BABAR - SLAC  CDF D0 - FNAL

42. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 42 COMPASS  1996: Proposal  1997: Conditional approval  1999 – 2000: Construction and installation  2001: Commissioning run  2002 -2004: Data taking µp and µp  Precision hadron structure nucleon spin structure (valence  sea)  Precision hadron dynamics pQCD  n-pQCD (Q 2, p T 2 ) resonant phenomena  Into the future: GPDs and precision structure functions approved gluons    

43. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 43 COMPASS ΔG/G ● Finding charm c c σ(ΔG/G) proposal = 0.14 2002+3+4 σ(ΔG/G) = 0.24 - h h Leading process h h Gluon radiation (Compton) h h Photon Gluon Fusion (PGF) ● ΔG/G from high p T hadrons pairs

44. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 44 DIRAC “atomic pairs” “free pairs” ● ππ and Kπ “atoms” - scattering lengths -  PT ● data 2001 – 2003 (PS) ● setting up 2006 (PS) ● running 2007/8 (PS) ● planning > 2008 (SPS ?) ● excess at very small p L and p T ● experimental = theoretical uncertainty @ SPS ≠ K e decay

45. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 45 SPSC Conclusions (1)  The PS/SPS facility is competitive worldwide, even with the advent of new machines. It allows CERN to have significant impact in the understanding of the strong interaction in low and high energy domains (Lattice QCD, ChPT and pQCD).  The COMPASS experiment plays an important role in the CERN fixed target program with the SPS beam. The experiment should complete in the medium term their original proposal (especially ΔG/G, as well as transversity, polarisabilities and hadron spectroscopy). The SPSC is concerned about a possible shortage of protons, and thus encourages the collaboration to prioritise their physics program.  In the longer term, a new programme of measurements is proposed. The GPD determinations would be in a unique kinematical domain. The remaining part of the programme concerns structure function measurements using lepton DIS and Drell Yan.

46. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 46 SPSC Conclusions (2)  The physics case for the DIRAC experiment, including its extension at the PS which has already been recommended for approval by the SPSC, is important. For the longer term, with installation of the existing set-up at the SPS, it would be possible to reach a precision matching the theoretical predictions.  The SPSC took note of an Expression of Interest to measure lepton flavor violation in the µ-τ sector (µ+N  τ +N’) using the SPS.  The SPSC is not convinced that the part of the conceived p-A NA49 program related to the pentaquark search can lead to a significant advance.

47. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 47 SPSC Conclusions (3)  In 2006, until OPERA is ready to take physics data with its nominal target mass, it is important to take advantage of the opportunity to complete as much as possible of the remaining approved COMPASS physics programme. To this end, it is important that beam delivery starts as early as possible in 2006. At the same time, it is also important that COMPASS optimise its overall physics efficiency. Beyond 2006, the SPSC encourages solutions allowing the delivery and use of the maximum numbers of protons to satisfy the completion of physics experiments using the SPS/PS beams.  In the longer term future, it is interesting to note that any high intensity facility at CERN will make possible new opportunities for hadron physics using neutrino and muon beams.

48. 48 Neutrinos

49. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 49 71±5 Early Solar Neutrino Exps. SNO SuperK Soudan II MACRO KamLAND K2K LSND ν-oscillations New KamLAND Super-K L/E

50. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 50 Hierarchy ~sin 2  23 Solar + KamLAND Super-K

51. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 51 CERN  LNGS = CNGS

52. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 52 CERN  LNGS = CNGS CERN Commitment 5 x 4.5 ·10 19 protons on target

53. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 53 OPERA Pb Emulsion layers  1 mm Plastic base for the full detector: 2 supermodules 31 walls / supermodule 52 x 64 bricks /wall 200 000 bricks 56 emulsion films / brick ~2 kTon (Pb) 0.04 kTon emulsion 9 kt-yr Δm 2 =1.2x10 -3 eV 2 2.7 events Δm 2 =2.4x10 -3 eV 2 11 events Δm 2 =5.4x10 -3 eV 2 54 events ● Ready end 2006

54. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 54 ICARUS muon spectrometer ≈2 kton Fe B=1.8 T 3m LAr drift 1.8kT ready end 2007? Statistics and background with 3kT similar to OPERA

55. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 55 Next ?

56. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 56 ≡ T2K

57. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 57 Strategy  High statistics by high intensity beam  Tune E at oscillation maximum  Sub-GeV beam Low particle multiplicity suited for Water Cherenkov Good E resolution : dominated by  np  Narrow band beam to reduce BG 0.75MW 50GeV-PS Off-Axis beam Super-Kamiokande

58. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 58 Neutrino. PPAP Mar. 25 ’04 …oscillations Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Slide from M. Lindroos

59. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 59 Neutrino. PPAP Mar. 25 ’04 …oscillations Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Megatonne ?

60. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 60 θ 13 CP sensitivity Towards Neutrino Factory Horizon

61. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 61 SPL Proposed Roadmap Consistent with the content of a talk by L. Maiani at the “Celebration of the Discovery of the W and Z bosons”. Contribution to a document to be submitted to the December Council (“CERN Future Projects and Associated R&D”). Assumptions: construction of Linac4 in 2007/10 (with complementary resources, before end of LHC payment) construction of SPL in 2008/15 (after end of LHC payments) Linac 4 approval SPL approval LHC upgrade Warning: Compressor ring and detector (8 years) are not quoted Protons from the SPL ready in 2015

62. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 62 Proton Driver  ν ● expensive ● likelihood improves with synergy ● ν beam R&D for new technology - target - cooling (MICE) ● ν e - β beam ν μ - superbeam ● ν Fact Mezzetto

63. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 63 CNGS Proton Budget  CERN committed to delivering 5x4.5·10 19 p.o.t. to CNGS aimed at uniquely demonstrating  appearance. The physics case remains as valid as it was at the time of approval, and therefore CERN should make every reasonable effort to fulfill this commitment. However, no compelling scientific case has been offered for CERN to increase the scope of this commitment.  It appears that with the current machine performance it is not possible to simultaneously satisfy CNGS and COMPASS. We therefore consider it very important that efforts continue to achieve more available p.o.t., including the earliest practicable implementation of multi-turn extraction. The experiments should be prepared for a longer running period than originally planned to achieve their allocation of p.o.t.  On current schedule the full OPERA detector will not be completely ready in early 2006, implying that the most efficient use of the available p.o.t. will be for the COMPASS programme until OPERA is fully constructed later in 2006.  NEW: 60% of ICARUS could be ready at end of 2007

64. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 64 CERN participation in the development of future neutrino facilities  Future neutrino facilities offer great promise for fundamental discoveries (such as CP violation) in neutrino physics, and a post- LHC construction window may exist for a facility to be sited at CERN.  CERN should arrange a budget and personnel to enhance its participation in further developing the physics case and the technologies necessary for the realization of such facilities. This would allow CERN to play a significant role in such projects wherever they are sited.  A high-power proton driver is a main building block of future projects, and is therefore required.  A direct superbeam from a 2.2 GeV SPL does not appear to be the most attractive option for a future CERN neutrino experiment as it does not produce a significant advance on T2K.  We welcome the effort, partly funded by the EU, concerned with the conceptual design of a beta beam. At the same time CERN should support the European neutrino factory initiative in its conceptual design.

65. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 65 CERN participation in the development of future neutrino facilities  Detectors – new detector technologies are necessary to take full advantage of the physics capabilities of future neutrino facilities.  Examples of needed advances are cheaper, higher efficiency, large-area, light sensors and magnetized detectors capable of distinguishing electrons from positrons.  Given its central role as Europe’s particle physics laboratory, CERN should support, participate, and coordinate such technical developments. We did not discuss CLIC CERN has to decide on relative priorities for CLIC and/or Neutrino Factory

66. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 66 Other Experiments  Hadron Production Further hadron production experiments specifically designed to meet the needs of neutrino experiments are essential. There are several existing CERN detectors which could, with some modifications, fulfill this requirement. This would be a scientifically important and cost-effective use of CERN resources.  C2GT This is an interesting idea which would require substantial technical development before its feasibility could be demonstrated. It also requires modifications to the CNGS beamline. No such modifications should be made until CERN’s existing commitment to the CNGS programme has been met. By that time C2GT’s competitiveness would be doubtful.

67. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 67  ≤ 2011: Physics vibrant, important, leading SPS p.o.t ? schedule/prioritise/improve  Completion of hadron program essential  CNGS window before T2K  Hadron production for ν physics  ion+ion ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC)  Rare flavour ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC)  Fundamental physics with p atoms (+medical) Fixed target physics at CERN? (1) - increasing p.o.t

68. 03/06/2015Ian C. Brock Future CERN Fixed Target Programme? 68  >2011: Physics must be vibrant, important, leading ion+ion ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC) Rare flavour ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC) Fundamental physics with p atoms Hadron structure: GPDs  dynamics: low energy, resonance  ν physics: evaluation & R&D @ CERN p-driver  superbeam  detector global context  NF Fixed target physics at CERN? (2) All but HI benefit from/require high intensity RCPSB RCPS … - … if appropriate ? synergies with other science? SPL?