1. Microevolution in IPM Part II

3. Challenging Questions How common is local adaptation of natural enemies to their hosts or environment? How critical is it for success of biological control to find locally adapted natural enemies for importation?

6. ? ?

7. Important Factors to the Evolution of Local Adaptation Natural enemy host range Relative life span of natural enemy and pest Relative migration rates of n.e. and pest

9. Local Adaptation Has Influenced Regulation Already

10. Challenging Questions What is the role of adaptation after introductions in biological control?

12. Bathyplectes curculionidae Hyperia postica Hyperia brunneipennis

13. Hyperia postica Hyperia brunneipennis

16. Cotesia glomerata Pieris brassicae Pieris rapae

17. A 100 year later…

18. Challenging Questions Do introductions of natural enemies impose bottlenecks? Is reduced genetic variation associated with low fitness?

19. Variation Fitness Aphidius ervi Diaeretiella rapae

20. Variation Success Elatobium abietinum Fallopia japonica Iridomirmex humilis

21. ?

22. Challenging Questions How great is the risk of evolution of natural enemies host range?

23. Euphydryas editha

24. ?

25. Challenging Questions What is the risks of pests evolving resistance to natural enemies? If pests evolve resistance, will Natural enemies evolve mechanisms to overcome pest resistance?

26. Spartina alternifloraProkelisia spp Acyrthosiphon pisumAphidius ervi

28. We need more DATA!!!!