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Chapter 7: Speech & Language. Speech & Comprehension Language:  Its Basic Nature  The Development of Language  Language in Other Species  Evolution,

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 7: Speech & Language. Speech & Comprehension Language:  Its Basic Nature  The Development of Language  Language in Other Species  Evolution,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 7: Speech & Language

2 Speech & Comprehension Language:  Its Basic Nature  The Development of Language  Language in Other Species  Evolution, Language and Thought

3  Comprehension: Temporal lobe - Wernick = s Area  Production of Speech: Frontal lobe - Broca = s Area PPhonemes: Smallest unit of sound in a particular language. Example: pit bit, pit pat PMorphemes: The smallest unit of sound that conveys meaning. Speech and Comprehension

4 Defining Language  A language is a set of symbols, usually words, that convey meaning  Language is often expressed with gestures  Language takes place in a social context  Language and culture are intertwined

5 Linguistics  Linguistics is the study of language, including speech, sounds, meaning, and grammar  Psycholinguistics is the study of how language is acquired, perceived, understood, and produced

6 Linguistics  Phonology is the study of the patterns and distribution of speech sounds in a language, and the rules for their pronunciation  Phonemes are the smallest sounds that compose words in a language

7 Linguistics  Morphemes are the basic units of meaning in a language  Semantics is the analysis of the meaning of language  Syntax is the way words and groups of words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences

8 Stephanie kissed the crying boy Stephanie S t e f u n e Kissed the crying boy kiss k i s ed t the th u cry k r i ing i ng boy b oy Sentence Phrase Word or Morphemes Phonemes

9 Linguistics  Grammar is the linguistic description of how a language functions  Grammar deals with the rules used for generating comprehensible and appropriate sentences

10 Thought, Culture, and Language  Culture has a great influence on language and thought  People who believe in role and gender- specific abilities are likely to apply those beliefs to their language and decision making  Bilingualism promotes cognitive flexibility

11 The Biological and Evolutionary Basis of Language  Chomsky suggested that language is innate  He proposed humans have an inborn “universal grammar”  Universal grammar is an innate mechanism that produces meaningful sentences

12 Biological Theories  Chomsky and Miller assert that humans have an innate capacity to develop language  This view states that humans are born with a mental language acquisition device (LAD)  The LAD allows children to pay attention to language and ultimately use it

13 Evidence for Innate Structure of Language PUniversal rules of development and errors PLanguage acquisition devise! Prepared: to attend, to differentiate, to converse, to hear. PCritical period for language development PAttention to language (mimics) PUniversal Phonetic sensitivity

14 Universal Phonetic Sensitivity

15 Dr. Janet Werker, Psychology, UBC Bl Vrs Lb Hindi and Salish speech sounds Before 9 months did discriminate After 9 months didn=t discriminate

16 Evidence from Development  Prepared  Have be in a speech environment  Overextension is universal and there is no model  Grammar or Rules within a given language (indicating how words can be combined into meaningful sentences) is acquired in a universal sequence and at the same stage of development

17 Language Studies with Chimpanzees  Results of studies of chimpanzees can be used to argue both for and against the idea that language develops naturally  Washoe was taught to make a large number of signs from American sign language  Sarah was taught words and sentences with magnetized plastic shapes

18 Studies with Chimpanzees  Lana learned to press computer keys with symbols representing words but was unable to manipulate grammatical relations  Nim Chimpski was taught manual signing but her signed messages did not increase in length as children’s do

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