1. COEN 350 Network Defense in Depth Firewalls

2. Terms of the Trade Border Router First / last router under control of system administration. DMZ Demilitarized zone. Security is low, since not protected by firewall. Locate webservers and other services there that generate potentially unsafe traffic. Firewall Filters packages based on a variety of rules.

3. Terms of the Trade IDS Intrusion Detection System. NIDS: glean intrusion signatures from traffic. HIDS: monitor activity at a host on which they are located. VPN Virtual private network Screened subnet Area protected by an internal firewall.

4. Terms of the Trade Configuration Management Known vulnerabilities account for most of actually perpetrated exploits. For most of them, patches were available, but not installed. CM tries to enforce uniform security policies. Backdoors An entrance into the system that avoids perimeter defenses.

5. Defense in Depth Rule 1: Multitude of security measures. Do not relay on one security mechanism. Rule 2: Do not make security so expensive / burdensome that you give legitimate users an incentive to circumvent security.

6. Defense in Depth Example: External tcp packet passes: Internet Perimeter Router Internet perimeter firewall DMZ firewall Network IPS NetFlow Analyzes connections on network Antivirus on host Host IPS

7. Firewalls Firewalls are perimeter defense: Keep the bad stuff outside, enjoy life inside.

8. Filtering Signature Any distinctive characteristic that identifies something (with a high degree of probability) Signature Types Atomic Signatures Single packet, single event, single activity is examined. Stateful Signatures State: Needed when analyzing multiple pieces of information that are not available at the same time.

9. Filtering Atomic vs. Stateful Signatures LAND attack Attacker sends TCP-SYN packet with same source and destination address. Caused TCP stacks to crash. Can be discovered looking at a single packet. Search for string “etc/password” in a URL Attacker fragments the packet so that the string is not in either fragment. State is needed in order to recognize the attack.

10. Filtering Signature Triggers Pattern Detection Simple string search Search for string “etc/passwords” ARP Protocol decoders search for string only in protocol fields. ARP request with source address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Anomaly Detection Traffic going to an unusual port. Protocol compliance for http traffic Behavior Detection Abnormally large / small fragmented packets Search for RPC requests that do not initially utilize the PortMapper

11. Filtering Signature Actions Generating an alert Dropping / preventing an activity Logging the activity Resetting a TCP connection Blocking future activity Allow activity

12. Packet Filtering Static Packet Filtering Allow or deny access to packets based on internal characteristics. access list 111 deny ip host 205.205.205.205.1 any access list 111 permit tcp host 205.205.205.205.1 any access list 111 deny icmp any any echo-request access list 111 permit icmp any any packet-to-big access list 111 deny icmp any any Cisco extended ACL

13. Static Packet Filtering Difficult to design efficient rules. Easy to get the rules tables wrong and allow bad traffic. Security risks People can piggy-back bad messages in harmless ones. http traffic is known to be used as a backdoor. Loki uses unused fields in normal TCP packets. Fragmentation allows the filter to look only at a fragment Most only look at the first fragment

14. Static Packet Filtering Configuring a packet filter: Security Policy: what is allowed, what is not allowed. Allowable types of packets must be specified logically, in terms of logical expression on packet fields. Expressions need to be rewritten in the firewall vendor’s language.

15. Static Packet Filtering Example Security Policy: Allow inbound mail messages (SMTP, port 25), but only to gateway. Block host faucet. actionOur hostportTheir hostport comment block**faucet* We don’t trust these people. allowOUR-GW25** Connection to our SMTP server

16. Static Packet Filtering Example If no rule applies, then the packet is dropped. Without additional rules, our rule set would drop all non-mail packets. There would also be no replies. Beware of a rule like this (intended to allow acks) Based solely on outside host’s port number. Port 25 is usually the mail port. But there is no guarantee. actionOur hostportTheir hostport comment allow***25 Connection to their SMTP port

17. Static Packet Filtering Example Expand rule set to allow connection with the outside: actionOur hostportTheir hostport Flagcomment block**faucet* allowOUR-GW25** allow(our host)**25 Our packets to their port allow*25**ACK Their replies Specify the names of all machines allowed to send mail to the outside here.

18. Static Packet Filtering Combating Address Spoofing At a minimum: Don’t allow inside source addresses coming in. Don’t allow outside source addresses going out. Block source routing at the border routers.

19. Static Packet Filtering Routing Information If a node is unreachable from the outside then the node is almost (but not quite) as safe as a node disconnected from the net. Internal routers should not advertise paths to such nodes to the outside. Filter routes learned from the outside: Protects against subversion by route confusion. Route squatting: Use internal addresses that belong to a different domain. The nodes are de facto unreachable from the outside. Use non-announced addresses. (e.g. 10.x.x.x) But beware, when companies merge, these addresses tend to be incompatible. So pick addresses in unpopular address ranges.

20. Static Packet Filtering Performance Packet filtering is done at the border. No degradation for the internal network. Typically, connection to ISP is the bottleneck. However: Degradation depends on the number of rules applied. Can be mitigated by careful ordering of rules.

21. Application Level Filtering Packet filters only look at The source address The destination address TCP / UDP port numbers TCP / UDP flags. Application filters deals with the details of the service they are checking. E.g. a mail application filter looks at RFC 822 headers. MIME attachments. Might identify virus infected attachments.

22. Application Level Filtering Snort: Allows to set up rules that pass a packet on to another service. Commercial firewalls Include application level filters for many products. Use non-disclosure agreement to obtain proprietary protocols

23. Dynamic Packet Filtering Stateful Firewall Still look at each packet. Maintains a state of each connection. Implements connection filtering. Dynamically adjust a filtering table of current connections. Implementation Adjust the filtering rules dynamically. E.g.: We started an HTTP connection to a given host. Now HTTP packages from that host are allowed. OR: Terminate the connection at the firewall and then have the firewall call the ultimate destination (proxying).

24. Proxy Firewalls Proxies act on behalf of a client. Proxy firewall Reverse Proxy Receives packages on one card. Processes requests. Translates them into internal requests on other card. Receives answers from inside and translates to the outside.

25. Proxy Firewalls Proxy firewall Forward Proxy Receives requests from the inside. Processes requests. Translates them into requests to the outside on other card. Receives answers from outside and translates to the inside. Acts on behalf of inside machine that is protected from the vagaries of the internet.

26. Proxy Firewalls Application level proxies work at the level of application. Circuit-level proxies does not understand the application makes filtering decisions by validating and monitoring sessions.

27. Application Inspection Dynamic Firewalls allow selective inspection of applications: http ftp dns icmp …

28. Application Inspection DNS example (Cisco ASA DNS inspection) Guarantees that the ID of the DNS machine matches the ID of the DNS query Allows translation of DNS packets using NAT Reassembles DNS packets to verify its length.

29. Application Inspection SMTP (Cisco ASA protection) Protects against SMTP-based attacks by restricting the types of SMTP commands. Illegal command is modified and forwarded. Typically, receiver replies with an SMTP error 500 (command not recognized) Checks size, …

30. Network Address Translation Originally designed to address the IPv4 address shortage: Use internal IP addresses 192.168.x.x 172.16.x.x, 172.32.x.x 10.x.x.x NAT box is dual hosted: One connection to interior network Other connection to exterior network with “overloaded” or “public” address

31. Network Address Translation Internal host initiates TCP connection to the outside. NAT box takes TCP package, replaces source IP with its public IP, port with a port chosen for that connection When reply return to NAT box, forwards package to internal host. NAT uses stored connection data to determine the interior address

32. Network Address Translation NAT increases security: NAT hides host identities NAT hides weak sequence number generating hosts by randomizing sequence numbers. NAT disables inbound TCP connections NAT breaks most UDP protocols NAT allow load balancing and transparent failover

33. Network Address Translation Full Cone NAT (one to one NAT) all requests from same internal IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. Allows external host to send package to the host by using the mapped external address.

34. Network Address Translation Restricted Cone NAT All requests from same internal IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. External host can only send package to internal host if the connection has already been established

35. Network Address Translation Port Restricted Cone NAT Like restricted cone NAT, but only for certain port numbers Symmetric NAT All request from the same internal IP address and port to a specific destination IP and port are mapped to a unique external source IP address and port. If the same hosts sends to the same port, but another IP address, then a different mapping is used. External host needs to receive a packet before sending a UDP packet back to the internal host. In practice: combinations between these behaviors.

36. Virtual Private Networks

37. VPN uses connections over an existing public network Connection secured with encryption Host to Host Host to Gateway Gateway to Gateway

38. Virtual Private Networks

39. Encryption can be done at Application level. Transport level. Network level. Data link level.

40. Virtual Private Networks VPN Technologies Application Level Pretty Good Privacy Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Level Secure Socket Layer Does not protect the package, but its content. Typically runs at the application level of the OS, so OS does not need to be changed. Network Level IPSec Encrypts package itself. Encrypted package receives a new package header. IPSec protects port address, but not destination address. OS need to be changed (but only once: Win2000, WinXP) Data Link Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol addition to Point-to-Point protocol (PPP) Encrypts packets on the data layer. L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling)

41. Virtual Private Networks Alternatives are dedicated point-to- point connections such as a private T1 line. Most secure. Most expensive. Takes time to set-up.