1. Definition of a Distributed System (1) A distributed system is: A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system.

2. Definition of a Distributed System (2) A distributed system organized as middleware. Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines. 1.1 ? users Standard OS

3. Goals Access and share remote resources Interoperability Portability Flexibility Transparency Scalability

4. Transparency in a Distributed System Different forms of transparency in a distributed system. TransparencyDescription Access Hide differences in data representation and how a resource is accessed LocationHide where a resource is located MigrationHide that a resource may move to another location Relocation Hide that a resource may be moved to another location while in use ReplicationHide that a resource may be replicated Concurrency Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users FailureHide the failure and recovery of a resource Persistence Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or on disk

5. Scalability problems in a distributed system ConceptExample Centralized servicesA single server for all users Centralized dataA single on-line telephone book Centralized algorithmsDoing routing based on complete information Scalability Size Geography Administrative organizations Decentralized algorithms characteristics None has complete information about the system state Machines take decisions on local info Failure of one machine doesn’t affect the algorithm There is no assumption about a global clock

6. Scalability How to solve scalability problems? a)Hiding communication latencies Asynchronous communications (but not only, not always) b)Distribution c)Replication (with care for consistency)

7. Scaling Techniques (1) 1.4 Moving part of the computation to the client…(hiding comm. latency) The difference between letting: a)a server or b)a client check forms as they are being filled

8. Scaling Techniques (2) 1.5 Distribution… Replication… DNS name space divided into zones, with possibility of slave server

9. Software Concepts Operating systems for distributed computers An overview between DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware SystemDescriptionMain Goal DOS Tightly-coupled operating system for multi- processors and homogeneous multicomputers Hide and manage hardware resources NOS Loosely-coupled operating system for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN) Offer local services to remote clients Middleware Additional layer atop of NOS implementing general-purpose services Provide distribution transparency

10. Uniprocessor Operating Systems Separating applications from operating system code through a microkernel. 1.11

11. Multicomputer Operating Systems (1) General structure of a multicomputer operating system Communication Message passing 1.14

12. Multicomputer Operating Systems (2) Alternatives for blocking and buffering in message passing Buffering: sender and receiver side 4 possible synchronization points Reliable communication? 1.15

13. Multicomputer Operating Systems (3) Relation between blocking, buffering, and reliable communications. Synchronization pointSend buffer Reliable comm. guaranteed? Block sender until buffer not full (S1)YesNot necessary Block sender until message sent (S2)NoNot necessary Block sender until message received (S3)NoNecessary Block sender until message delivered (S4)NoNecessary

14. Network Operating System (1) General structure of a network (not distributed) operating system. Users see the structure 1-19

15. Network Operating System (2) Evolution : file server Two clients and a file server in a network operating system. File servers generally maintain hierarchical file system. 1-20

16. Network Operating System (3) Different clients may mount the servers in different places. Different clients may have different views of the file systems 1.21

17. With a basic network operating system we loose in transparency Explicit remote login Independent accounting Independent access permission Low protection

18. Positioning Middleware General structure of a distributed system as middleware. Middleware does not manage an individual node 1-22

19. Middleware Models Plan 9 – file oriented paradigm (Unix like) Distributed file system – transparency supported only for traditional files Models based on RPCs – hide network communications Distributed objects – each object can be located on a single machine, each object interface hides internal details including communications Distributed documents - WWW

20. Middleware Services Naming allows entities to be shared and looked up. Persistence for storage, i.e. databases or facilities to connect to databases Distributed transactions allow multiple read and write operations to occur atomically. Security Access transparency by communication facilities hiding message passing through network

21. Middleware and Openness In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications. 1.23 Interfaces definition has to be complete. Incompleteness lead to bad portability and bad interoperability

22. Comparison between Systems Item Distributed OS Network OS Middleware- based OS Multiproc.Multicomp. Degree of transparencyVery HighHighLowHigh Same OS on all nodesYes No Number of copies of OS1NNN Basis for communication Shared memory Messages Messages/Fi les Model specific Resource management Global, central Global, distributed Per node ScalabilityNoModeratelyYesVaries OpennessClosed OpenOpen… In green open problems are emphasized

23. Clients and Servers General interaction between a client and a server. Request-reply behavior What kind of protocol for communication? 1.25 Client-server model is widely used to understand the complexity of distributed systems processes

24. Clients and Servers Connectionless protocol –Efficient –Not reliable Retransmission on “failure” can be dangerous Connection oriented protocol –Lower performance –reliable

25. The three Levels for client server model The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers (we can have this organization on two or more physically distributed machines) 1-28 How can we make a distinction between client and server ?

26. Multitiered Architectures (1) Alternative client-server organizations (two-tiered architecture) 1-29

27. Multitiered Architectures (2) An example of a server acting as a client( vertical distribution). Three-tiered architecture 1-30

28. Modern Architectures An example of horizontal distribution of a Web service. 1-31 Often, clients and servers distribution counts more then different logical components Request from client