1. All change for WCAG 2.0 Patrick H. Lauke / Manchester Digital Development Agency / 24 March 2009 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE NEW ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES

2. About me... Web Editor for University of Salford Web Standards Project (WaSP) Author and occasional.net magazine contributor NOT an expert?

3. Outline Background on WCAG 1.0 The painful birth of WCAG 2.0 Overview of the new guidelines Next steps for WCAG 1.0 veterans

5. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10 W3C recommendation 5 May 1999 14 guidelines 75 checkpoints

6. WCAG 1.0 – problems HTML-centric checkpoints, despite separate techniques document http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI- WEBCONTENT-TECHS/ http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI- WEBCONTENT-TECHS/ “until user agents” clauses Forbids JavaScript and any non-W3C technologies Vague checkpoints

7. WCAG 2.0 – early attempts Work began soon after release of WCAG 1.0 Many iterations, largely under radar of web devs Original “Last Call” April 2006

9. To Hell with WCAG 2.0 Joe Clark's vitriolic style A List Apart, 23 May 2006 http://www.alistapart.com/articles/tohellwith wcag2 http://www.alistapart.com/articles/tohellwith wcag2 Main points of concern: Overall size of combined guidelines Inscrutable language Baseline concept Omission of markup validation / standards

10. To Hell with WCAG 2.0 Generated huge interest from web devs Joe Clark started WCAG Samurai project to create errata for WCAG 1.0 W3C demoted WCAG 2.0 from Last Call back to Public Working Draft

12. WCAG 2.0 back on track Joe Clark's leaving speech at @media2007 – confident that WCAG 2.0 heading in right direction Historical aside: my take on amended WCAG 2.0 http://www.webstandards.org/2007/06/11/review- wcag2-may2007-working-draft/http://www.webstandards.org/2007/06/11/review- wcag2-may2007-working-draft/ Nonetheless released WCAG Samurai Errata http://wcagsamurai.org/http://wcagsamurai.org/

14. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20 W3C recommendation 11 December 2008

15. WCAG 2.0 suite of documents

16. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 [normative] How to Meet WCAG 2.0 [informative] Understanding WCAG 2.0 [informative] Techniques for WCAG 2.0 [informative] http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag20

17. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 4 general principles 12 guidelines 61 success criteria

18. WCAG 2.0 principles A website should be... Perceivable Operable Usable Robust

19. WCAG 2.0 improvements Principles, guidelines and success criteria are technology-agnostic

20. WCAG 1.0 examples “Guideline 5. Create tables that transform gracefully” “5.3 Do not use tables for layout unless the table makes sense when linearized.” “Note. Once user agents support style sheet positioning, tables should not be used for layout.” So what happens with CSS positioning that breaks linear flow?

21. WCAG 2.0 examples “Guideline 1.3 Adaptable: Create content that can be presented in different ways (for example simpler layout) without losing information or structure.” “1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence: When the sequence in which content is presented affects its meaning, a correct reading sequence can be programmatically determined.”

22. WCAG 2.0 improvements WCAG 1.0 “Guideline 11. Use W3C technologies and guidelines” “Where it is not possible to use a W3C technology, or doing so results in material that does not transform gracefully, provide an alternative version of the content that is accessible.” WCAG 2.0 can be applied to W3C and non-W3C technologies (as long as they're accessibility-supported)

23. WCAG 2.0 improvements Accessibility-supported technologies supported by users' assistive technology technology must have accessibility- supported user agents that are available to users

24. WCAG 2.0 accessibility-supported You can use PDF, Flash, even JavaScript JavaScript and WAI-ARIA http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/ http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/ Even if a technology isn't fully accessibility- supported, as long as you use the supported bits Worst case provide fallback that is supported

25. WCAG 2.0 improvements Removes all “until user agents...” clauses

26. WCAG 1.0 example “Guideline 10. Use interim solutions.” “10.4 Until user agents handle empty controls correctly, include default, place-holding characters in edit boxes and text areas.”

27. WCAG 2.0 improvements Each success criterion is more easily testable Success criteria give clearer guidance than WCAG 1.0 checkpoints

28. WCAG 1.0 example “Guideline 2. Don't rely on color alone.” “2.2 Ensure that foreground and background color combinations provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having color deficits or when viewed on a black and white screen.” What exactly is “sufficient”?

29. WCAG 2.0 example “Guideline 1.4 Distinguishable: Make it easier for users to see and hear content including separating foreground from background.” AA “1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum): The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1” “Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1” AAA “1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced): The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 7:1” “Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1”

30. WCAG 2.0 improvements As a result of clearer, testable SCs some things are allowed that previously weren't

31. WCAG 1.0 example “Guideline 7. Ensure user control of time- sensitive content changes.” “7.1 Until user agents allow users to control flickering, avoid causing the screen to flicker.” “7.2 Until user agents allow users to control blinking, avoid causing content to blink[...]”

32. WCAG 2.0 example “Guideline 2.3 Seizures: Do not design content in a way that is known to cause seizures” “2.3.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold: Web pages do not contain anything that flashes more than three times in any one second period, or the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds.”

33. WCAG 2.0 improvements Success criteria focus on the outcomes, not how they're achieved

34. WCAG 1.0 example “Guideline 9. Design for device- independence.” “9.5 Provide keyboard shortcuts to important links (including those in client-side image maps), form controls, and groups of form controls.” “For example, in HTML, specify shortcuts via the "accesskey" attribute.”

35. WCAG 2.0 example “Guideline 2.1 Keyboard Accessible: Make all functionality available from a keyboard.“ “2.1.1 Keyboard: All functionality of the content is operable through a keyboard interface [...]”

36. WCAG 2.0 improvements Talks about mechanisms “process or technique for achieving a result”

37. WCAG 2.0 mechanism example “Guideline 2.4 Navigable: Provide ways to help users navigate, find content, and determine where they are.” “2.4.1 Bypass Blocks: A mechanism is available to bypass blocks of content that are repeated on multiple Web pages.” Does this mandate skip links?

38. WCAG 2.0 mechanism example Looking at “How to meet WCAG 2.0”, skip links only one of a few techniques mentioned Sufficient Techniques for 2.4.1 - Bypass Blocks: Creating links to skip blocks of repeated material Grouping blocks of repeated material in a way that can be skipped Advisory Techniques for 2.4.1 - Bypass Blocks […] C6: Positioning content based on structural markup

39. WCAG 2.0 techniques Techniques cover general technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, WAI-ARIA Sufficient and advisory techniques Techniques are informative, not normative List of techniques is not exhaustive – invent your own as long as success criteria are fulfilled

40. WCAG 2.0 conformance WCAG 1.0 had duality of priority 1,2,3 that mapped to levels A, AA, AAA WCAG 2.0 just uses A, AA, AAA model for both SCs and conformance levels

41. WCAG 2.0 conformance Applies to full pages Complete processes Only accessibility-supported techs are relied on Non-interference (when adding non- accessibility-supported technologies) You can conform without a conformance claim

42. WCAG 2.0 partial conformance 3 rd party content (UGC, feeds, etc) Use of languages/technologies without accessibility-support (future-proofing?)

43. Transition from WCAG 1.0 to WCAG 2.0 Needs of users with disabilities hasn't changed Technology that they use has If your site accessible under WCAG 1.0, shouldn't be too far off WCAG 2.0

44. Transition from WCAG 1.0 to WCAG 2.0 How WCAG 1.0 differs from WCAG 2.0 http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/diff.php http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/diff.php Comparison WCAG 1.0 checkpoints to WCAG 2.0 http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/comparison/ http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/comparison/ How to update your site from WCAG 1.0 to 2.0 http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/websites.html http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/websites.html

45. Transition from WCAG 1.0 to WCAG 2.0 Evaluate your site based on WCAG 2.0 SCs Many 1.0 checkpoints map to 2.0 SCs Are there 1.0 requirements that have been lifted? Test more specific 2.0 SCs

46. Getting started with WCAG 2.0 WebAIM's unofficial checklist http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist

48. Getting started with WCAG 2.0 For a “one-stop shop” overview, customisable WCAG 2.0 quick reference http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/ http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/

50. Recap on WCAG 2.0 Technology-agnostic – applicable to more present and future technologies Clearly testable Success Criteria Focussed on outcome for users, not techniques Removes outdated requirements from 1.0 Overall allows authors more freedom

51. Thanks Patrick H. Lauke http://www.splintered.co.uk