1. Enhanced Secure DNS: A Defense Against DDOS Attacks by David B. Wilkinson University of Colorado at Colorado Springs November 26, 2003

2. DDOS - Distributed Denial of Service DDOS attack - A flooding attack directed against one host by many computers across many networks Attack consumes victim’s network bandwidth - site becomes very slow or is unavailable to users Threat to Internet commerce: In early 2000, DDOS attacks shut down Yahoo, eBay, Amazon, CNN.com, E*Trade, Datek Online, Buy.com and the FBI website for up to a few hours, resulting in millions of dollars in lost revenue October 2002: 13 root DNS servers attacked (unsuccessful, but...)

3. DDOS Attack Architecture Attacker Handler A Compromised systems AAA... AA Victim... A = Agent Packets sent to broadcast addresses of intermediate networks... Replies to Victim

4. Types of DDOS Attacks SYN Flooding - The agents send out TCP SYN requests to the victim, but do not reply to the SYN-ACK. Large numbers of open connections quickly exhaust available memory [Skoudis 2002]. Smurf Attack - Agents send to intermediate networks ICMP echo request (“ping”) packets that have source IP address of the victim; victim gets replies Fraggle Attack - Flood of datagrams (again with source address of victim) sent to UDP echo port 7 of intermediate hosts; echoes all sent to victim SYN-ACK Attack - TCP SYN packets sent to random servers on Internet; SYN-ACKs all go to victim

5. One Possible Solution: “Safe Network Security Practices” Egress Filtering - Check source addresses of all packets leaving a network; discard if illegitimate Ingress Filtering - Check source addresses of all packets entering a network; discard packets with 127.0.0.1, 192.168.0.1, etc., as source address Harden Computers - Close unnecessary ports (e.g., echo port #7); remove services vulnerable to overflow security exploit; install latest patches Communicate risks of opening email attachments to employees

6. Another Solution: Secure Collective Defense (SCOLD) A network or consortium of participating entities that utilize new capabilities in the Domain Name System (DNS) software to keep an attacked member site available during the attack New idea of “Intrusion Tolerance” - attacks will always happen so try to successfully work around them

7. Detail of DDOS attack Victim A = Agent R = Router G = Gateway A A A A A DNS R R R R Net A Net B Net C DNS R R R R R R G

8. SCOLD System Foils DDOS Attack Victim A = AgentAG = Alternate Gateway R = RouterPS = Proxy Server G = Gateway A A A A A R R R R Net A Net B Net C Client DNS R PS1 R R R R G SCOLD Coordinator 1 PS2 PS3 Blocked by IDS AG 2 3 4 56 Victim DNS Server 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 IP

9. My task: Enhance DNS Software, BIND, to meet the needs of SCOLD Three important areas of change in DNS BIND version 9.2.2: –New program, nsreroute, that proxy server runs to send a DNS message to client DNS server –Enhancement of BIND server software for handling incoming nsreroute message. Includes using SSL for authentication between client DNS server and proxy server. –Enhancement of BIND server software for handling subsequent query for host in victim domain, including retrieval and caching of ALT data type

10. New DNS Functionality 1)When victim detects attack, it issues alert to SCOLD coordinator, which tells proxy server to run nsreroute 2)nsreroute sends messages to all client DNS servers for each client in list of input 3)Client DNS server authenticates message sender 4)Upon successful authentication, client DNS server writes zone for victim’s domain to disk, adds new entry to server configuration file, and reloads zones 5)Client DNS server redirects next query for host in victim zone to victim DNS server through a SCOLD-aware proxy server via IP tunnel 6)Subsequent queries for same host use cached results from previous query

11. How to implement this? Use GNU GDB debugger, with DDD GUI, to trace BIND code Use nsupdate client program written by the Internet Software Consortium (ISC) as a starting point for creating nsreroute Use OpenSSL to implement SSL and public key cryptography for server/sender authentication Add a new resource record, ALT (99), to refer to proxy server IP addresses

12. New client program nsreroute From command line, run nsreroute input_file where input_file contains reroute client.clientnet1.com. victimDNSserver1.victimnet.com. victimDNSserver2.victimnet.com. … reroute client.clientnet2.com. victimDNSserver1.victimnet.com. victimDNSserver2.victimnet.com. …. reroute client.clientnetX.com. victimDNSserver1.victimnet.com. victimDNSserver2.victimnet.com. …

13. Step 1: nsreroute gets all authoritative DNS servers for client domain DNS1 Authoritative DNS servers for clientnet.com DNS2 (primary master name server) DNS3 Example input: reroute client.clientnet.com. victimdns1.victimnet.com. victimdns2.victimnet.com. 128.198.60.190 128.198.60.191 202.40.60.81 144.85.20.14 162.112.11.72 Proxy server Alert from victim Q: Want NS records for clientnet.com A: DNS1, DNS2, DNS3

14. Step 2: nsreroute sends message (“reroutemsg”) to each DNS server at DNS server’s port #53 DNS1 Authoritative DNS servers for clientnet.com DNS2 (primary master name server) DNS3 Proxy server TCP #53

15. DNS Message Format Header Question Answers Authority Additional

16. Basic reroutemsg structure opcode = 7 reroutemsg authority section = victimdns1.victimnet.com victim_dns list = victimdns2.victimnet.com victim_dns2 list = rdataset type = 1 private1 = rdataset_proxy type = 99 private1 = rdataset2 type = 1 private1 = rdataset_proxy2 type = 99 private1 = rdata_victim 128.198.60.190 rdata_proxy[0] 202.40.60.81 rdata_victim2 128.198.60.191 rdata_proxy2[0] 202.40.60.81 rdata_proxy[1] 144.85.20.14 rdata_proxy[2] 162.112.11.72 rdata_proxy2[1] 144.85.20.14 rdata_proxy2[2] 162.112.11.72

17. Step 3: client DNS server authenticates proxy server via SSL over TCP using DNS server port #5300 DNS1 Authoritative DNS servers for clientnet.com DNS2 (primary master name server) DNS3 Proxy server TCP Exchange certificates Proxy server verifies authenticity of DNS server cert. DNS server verifies proxy server certificate AND checks if proxy cert. is on a list of approved senders #5300 #53 SSL

18. Step 4: After successful authentication, DNS server creates new zone file (“db.victimnet.com”) for victimnet.com domain and loads it into memory: @ IN SOA clientdns.clientnet.com. root.clientnet.com. ( 1; Serial 3h; Refresh after 3 hours 1h; Retry after 1 hour 1w; Expire after 1 week 1h; Negative caching TTL of 1 hour ) IN NSvictimdns1.victimnet.com. IN NSvictimdns2.victimnet.com. victimdns1.victimnet.com. 86400IN A 128.198.60.190 victimdns1.victimnet.com. 86400IN ALT 202.40.60.81 86400 IN ALT 144.85.20.14 86400 IN ALT 162.112.11.72 victimdns2.victimnet.com. 86400IN A 128.198.60.191 victimdns2.victimnet.com. 86400IN ALT 202.40.60.81 86400 IN ALT 144.85.20.14 86400 IN ALT 162.112.11.72

19. New behavior for client DNS server for handling query for victim domain G = Gateway AG = Alternate Gateway PS = Proxy Server client.clientnet.com DNS G SCOLD Coordinator PSAG Victim DNS Server Without rerouting zone, query goes to root... ALT = 202.40.60.81 Query eventually goes to victim’s flooded main gateway With rerouting zone, query goes to an ALT address Referral to closer DNS server Slow Fast Q A IP tunnel (Set up IP tunnels) 12 3 4 a b c

20. Query also requires retrieval and caching of new ALT data type client.clientnet.com DNS Victim DNS Server Q First query for victim after victim zone installed on client DNS server... Answer contains ALT records retrieved from zone database Cache ALT records DNS Victim DNS Server Q Subsequent queries for victim QQ... client.clientnet.com Answer contains ALT records retrieved from cache database Answer contains ALT records included in victim DNS server message Not needed AAA A

21. Time (in seconds) for proxy server and client DNS server to process reroutemsg 2.55 2.22 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.17 2.15 2.19 2.97 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.35 2.31 2.29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Client DNS ServerProxy ServerTrial T proxy server = T NS lookup + T sending to client DNS T client DNS = T ns_reroute_start() to reroutedone_action()

22. Time (in seconds) for query for host in targetnet.csnet.uccs.edu zone. Client DNS server does not have victim’s zone. 0.62 2.53 2.41 2.26 4.44 14.50 0.28 0.45 4.40 12.32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TimeTrial “uccs.edu”server 128.198.1.250 Q1 client DNS server 128.198.61.52 “edu” DNS server root DNS server R1 “csnet.uccs.edu” server 128.198.60.194 R2 Q2 Q3 R3 Q4 R4 “targetnet.csnet.uccs.edu” server 128.198.60.190 Q5 Answer Q = Query R = Referral

23. Time (in seconds) for query for host in victim zone. Client DNS server has victim’s reroute zone. 0.33 0.29 0.15 0.13 0.22 0.14 0.22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TimeTrial Client DNS server 128.198.61.52 “targetnet.csnet.uccs.edu” server 128.198.60.190 QueryAnswer

24. Lessons Learned Understanding ISC’s BIND code Tracing named daemon process –must attach to process, not run process Default timeouts hamper tracing “Clock skew” problems –made installation take much longer than necessary –interfered with authentication –corrected with ntpdate function in crontab file Result of caching “NS 128.198.60.194” –subsequent queries to gandalf failed Trying to fork in server Problems with reliability of my authentication code In the end, everything works correctly, every time

25. Future Work Perform more comprehensive tests involving other aspects of DNS (TSIG, DNSSEC, DNS dynamic update, using different views, using other kinds of data types, etc.) Try to reduce connection time between reroutemsg sender and client DNS server Fork in client DNS server Implement incremental zone reloading Send reroutemsg to only SOA server and then do zone transfer to other DNS servers; compare total elapsed times

26. Conclusions New Enhanced BIND v. 9.2.2 has some great features: nsreroute program that remotely installs victim zones on client DNS machines New zones help clients communicate with another member of the SCOLD consortium that is under attack Intrusion tolerance works New ALT data type results in faster queries over multiple dynamic paths Multiple-path routing capability results in larger aggregate bandwidth for the server