1. March 2005Intro to MT IV1 Postgraduate Diploma in Translation Introduction to Machine Translation IV The Translator’s Workstation

2. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 2 Recap: MT Methods MT Direct MT Rule-Based MT Data-Driven MT Transfer Interlingua EBMT SMT

3. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 3 Different Styles of MT FAMT: fully automatic machine translation  FAHQMT  FALQMT MAHT: machine aided human translation HAMT: human aided machine translation

4. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 4 The Proper Place ofMen and Machines in Language Translation Martin Kay, 1980 [1997] Machine translation is an excellent research vehicle but stands no chance of filling actual needs for translators. Answer is to develop cooperative man-machine systems Start with word processing and add translation specific enhancements to approach the goal of automatic tranlation. Be modest: be humble.

5. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 5 The Translator’s Workstation Origins & Development Main idea of TW attributed to Martin Kay (author of “Proper Place of Men and Machines in Machine Translation”, (1980) Basic ingredients include  Glossaries  Multilingual termbanks  Translation Memories (TM) Built on word processing environment Progressive automation of dictionary lookup and access to TM

6. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 6 Standard Word Processing Environment includes Spell Check Grammar Check Thesaurus Word Counting Archiving and retrieval of documents

7. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 7 Translation-Oriented Editing Basic Idea: add a certain level of linguistic awareness to editing functions. Translation-oriented word substitution  e.g. replace “purchase” with “buy”  system: purchasing → buying purchased → bought  e.g. replace “brume” with “brouillard”  system: brouilard épais → brume épaisse

8. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 8 Integration with Desktop Publishing Translation of Captions

9. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 9 Mark Up Languages Markup is anything added to the content of the document that describes the text. Formatting instructions: typeface, fonts, paragraphs, bulletted lists. HTML More abstract levels of content description. XML

10. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 10 TMX TMX (Translation Memory eXchange) is the vendor-neutral open XML standard for the exchange of Translation Memory The purpose of TMX is to allow easier exchange of translation memory data between tools and/or translation vendors http://www.lisa.org/tmx/specification.html

11. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 11 Access to Lexical Resources Online Dictionaries  On screen version of traditional printed dictionary  Exploitation of hypertext links  Editing facilities cf. French Assistant system from Lernhout and Hauspie Term banks  Gazetteers  Encyclopaedic knowledge  World Wide Web

12. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 12

13. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 13

14. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 14

15. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 15 Commercially Available Systems Typically designed for non-linguists... as an extension of a familiar word processing environment

16. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 16 A Typical MAHT Separate windows for source and target text Source text initially shown in target window, to be overwritten by translation User highlights a portion of text to be machine translated. Draft translation is then pasted in, ready for post-editing. User decides what will be translated by machine, and can develop a modus operandi.

17. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 17

18. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 18 Interactive Translation Most systems allow user a choice of interactive translation in which systems stops and asks translator to make choices. Can be annoying. Machine may keep asking the same question. Difficult to resolve this problem in general case.

19. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 19

20. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 20 Translation Memory First proposed in 1970s, but not generally available until 1990s. Database of previous translations Sentence by sentence translation If exact match for new sentence is found, it is pasted in. If not, TM may highlight those parts of the new sentence which differ from the stored one.

21. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 21 Translation Memory – Higlighting Difference

22. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 22 Translation Memory Keys to success are Efficient storage of sentences Efficient matching scheme Most current commercial systems are based on character string similarity

23. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 23 Similarity between sentences 1. When the paper tray is empty, remove it and refill it with paper of the appropriate size 2. When the tray is empty, remove it and fill it with the appropriate paper. 3. When the bulb remains unlit, remove it and replace with a new bulb 4. You have to remove the paper tray in order to refill it when it is empty.

24. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 24 Other Corpus Based Resources Concordance: is a list of words (called keywords, e.g. here ‘sin’), taken from a corpus displayed in the centre of the page and shown in contexts in which they occur  Monolingual  Bilingual Other Corpus tools  Word sense profilers - WASPS

25. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 25 Monolingual Concordance Example 1 hed it off. * * * ‘What a curious feeling!’ said Alice; ‘I must b 1 against herself, for this curious child was very fond of pretendi 2 ‘Curiouser and curiouser!’ cried Alice ( 2 ‘Curiouser and curiouser!’ cried Alice (she was so muc 2 Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the way, 4 -- and yet – it’s rather curious, you know, this sort of life! 6 eir heads. She felt very curious to know what it was all about, 6 out a cat! It’s the most curious thing I ever saw in my life!’ S 7 ht into it. ‘That's very curious!’ she thought. ‘But everything’ 7 hought. ‘But everything's curious today. I think I may as well g 8 Alice thought this a very curious thing, and she went nearer to w 8 she had never seen such a curious croquet-ground in her life; it 8 seen, when she noticed a curious appearance in the air: it puzz 9 next, and so on.’ ‘What a curious plan!’ exclaimed Alice. ‘That’s 10 : ‘and I do so like that curious song about the whiting!’ ‘Oh, 10 th, and said ‘That’s very curious.’ ‘It's all about as curious a 10 ous.’ ‘It’s all about as curious as it can be,’ said the Gryphon 11 moment Alice felt a very curious sensation, which puzzled her a 11 er the list, feeling very curious to see what the next witness wo 12 ad!’ ‘Oh, I’ve had such a curious dream!’ said Alice, and she tol 12 her, and said, ‘It was a curious dream, dear, certainly: but no

26. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 26 Bilingual Concordance

27. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 27 Bilingual Concordance Original textTranslation 1. Ainsi, quand il aperçut POUR la première fois mon avion [...] 1. The first time he saw my aeroplane, for instance [...] 2. Alors elle avait forcé sa toux POUR lui infliger quand même des remords. 2. Then she forced her cough a little more SO THAT he should suffer from remorse just the same. 3. -Approche-toi que je te voie mieux, lui dit le roi qui était tout fier d’être enfin roi POUR quelqu’un. 3. “Approach, so that I may see you better,” said the king, who felt consumingly proud of being at last a king OVER somebody. 4. Car, POUR les vaniteux, les autres hommes sont des admirateurs. 4. For, TO conceited men, all other men are admirers. 5. C’est comme POUR la fleur. “5. It is just as it is WITH the flower.

28. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 28 WASPS A Semi-Automatic Lexicographer's Workbench for Writing Word Sense ProfileS Adam Kilgarriff, David Tugwell et. al, ESRC 1999-2002 Adam KilgarriffDavid Tugwell Remit was to explore the synergy between the lexicographer's task of identifying and describing word senses, and the computational task of word sense disambiguation (WSD).

29. March 2005 Intro to MT IV 29 Summary Translator’s workstation represents the most cost effective facility for the professional translator working in a large organisation. Range of integrated services that are relevant to translation. Translator remains in control