1. CLIMATE AND WEATHER

2. CLIMATE AND ENERGY ► Energy from the sun warms the curved surface of Earth. The curve of the surface creates different climate zones. Energy from the sun also powers Earth’s water cycle and creates weather patterns.

3. SUN, ATMOSPHERE, AND OCEAN ► ► Energy from the sun is called solar energy. Solar energy heats Earth. ► ► Earth’s atmosphere is made of air. The air keeps Earth warm like a blanket. ► ► Oceans can hold heat. It takes a long time for the temperature of ocean water to change.

4. WHAT GASES ARE IN THE AIR ► ► Composition of Dry Air ► ► Substance CHEMICAL SYMBOL % (by volume) ► ► Nitrogen N 2 78.08 ► ► Oxygen O 2 20.95 ► ► Argon Ar 0.93 ► ► Carbon dioxide CO 2 0.033 ► ► Neon Ne 0.0018 ► ► Helium He 0.00052 ► ► Methane CH 4 0.0002 ► ► Krypton Kr 0.00011 ► ► Nitrogen oxide N2O 0.00005 ► ► Hydrogen H 2 0.00005 ► ► Xenon Xe 0.0000087 ► ► Ozone O 3 0.000001

5. AIRING IT OUT

6. VOCABULARY ► Temperature inversion- Earth is usually warmest close to the surface. However, sometimes air close to the ground can be colder than air higher up. This is called temperature inversion. ► Smog- Dirty air that is made up of smoke and fog.

7. SMOG (LA)

8. SMOG (CHINA)

9. SMOG (MEXICO CITY)

11. TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS AND SMOG ► In cities such as Los Angeles, Mexico City, and Beijing, temperature inversions sometimes make the air dangerous. The cool air keeps smog, a combination of smoke and fog, close to the ground. Mountains around the city stop the low, cool air and smog from blowing away. The smog stays until the cool air becomes warm. Then the smog rises and blows away.

12. SMOG (NY)