1. Jan. 20041 AWT Widgets Yangjun Chen Dept. Business Computing University of Winnipeg

2. Jan. 20042 Out line: AWT Widgets Graphical components - Label -TextComponent -Button -CheckBox -Choice -List -Container -Canvas

3. Jan. 20043 AWT Graphics AWT Widgets - components for GUIs

4. Jan. 20044 AWT Widgets Widgets are components such as: - buttons, text fields, menus, etc. These widgets are used to make up a Graphical User Interface (GUI) The java.awt package provides a set of classes for implementing a wide variety of widgets. These classes are platform independent, so a menu in a Java program will look like a Windows menu on a PC running Windows, a Mac menu on a Macintosh, and a Motif menu on a Unix machine - all with the same code.

5. Jan. 20045 AWT Widgets We construct a GUI by placing components within a container. -normally, there are only two types of containers used: Frame - creates a complete window Panel - a container and a component -Several Panels may be within a Frame, and within each Panel may be several components.

6. Jan. 20046 The Component Class The Component class is an “abstract” class. Component CanvasContainerTextComponentButton PanelWindowTextFieldTextArea FrameDialog Applet Label

7. Jan. 20047 The Component Class The Component class is an “abstract” class. public abstract class Component { … paint (Graphics g) { } repaint(int x, int, y, int width, int height) { … } update(Graphics g) { … } } The Component Class The Component class is an “abstract” class.

8. Jan. 20048 The Component Class void paint (Graphics g) -this method causes something to be painted in the component. -in Component class, this method is empty and does nothing, it is intended to be overridden in a subclass as we have been doing. -Example: … public void paint(Graphics g) { g.setFont (new Font(“Serif”, Font.BOLD, 36)); FontMetrics fm = g.getFontMetrics( ); String str = “” + counter; Dimention d = getSize(); int x = d.width/2 - fm.stringWidth(str)/2; g.drawString(str, x, d.height/2);}}

9. Jan. 20049 The Component Class When you want to update the display, you cannot directly call the paint( ) method can. But you can cause it to be called by calling a method called repaint(). void repaint () void repaint (int x, int y, int width, int height) -These two methods are used to tell the system to redraw the Component as soon as possible -They instruct the system to schedule a call to update() -You can’t count on repaint() to immediately update your screen - most of the time it will happen quickly, but if you are running something time sensitive like animation, special techniques must be used.

10. Jan. 200410 The Component Class void update( Graphics g) -like the paint() method, you can’t invoke this method directly -The system calls this method when the screen needs to be redrawn. For example, whenever repaint( ) is executed. -If this method is not overridden, this method will clear your component and then call the paint method

11. Jan. 200411 import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; import java.lang.*; /* */ public class DoubleBuffer extends Applet implements Runnable { int x = 5; Thread t; Image buffer = null; Graphics bufferg;

12. Jan. 200412 public void init() { //Start thread t = new Thread(this); t.start(); //Create buffer Dimension d = getSize(); buffer = createImage(d.width, d.height); } public void run() { try { while(true) { repaint(); //Request a repaint

13. Jan. 200413 //Sleep before update Thread.sleep(100); } catch(Exception e) {} } public void update(Graphics g) { paint(g); } public void paint(Graphics g) { //Get graphics object for buffer if (buffer != null)

14. Jan. 200414 { bufferg = buffer.getGraphics(); //Draw to buffer Dimension d = getSize(); bufferg.setColor(Color.white); bufferg.fillRect(0, 0, d.width, d.height); bufferg.setColor(Color.black); bufferg.fillOval(x, d.height/4, 50, 50); //Update screen g.drawImage(buffer, 0, 0, this); //Increment x x +=5; if (x + 50 > d.width) x = 0;}}}

15. Jan. 200415 Textual Widgets - Labels A label is a component that will display a line of read-only text on the screen. It has three constructors: -Label() center alignment and no text -Label( String text) a center aligned Label object displaying the text given -Label( String text, int alignment) Label with the given text and alignment specified as either Label. LEFT, Label. CENTER, and Label. RIGHT After you have a Label object, you can use methods defined in the Label class to get and set various attributes.

16. Jan. 200416 Label Class -String getText() returns a string containing this label’s text -void setText( String text) sets the text for this label to the value of the argument - int getAlignment() returns an integer corresponding to the alignment of the label 0. is Label. LEFT 1. is Label. CENTER 2. is Label. RIGHT -void setAlignment( int alignment) sets the alignment of the label to the specified argument

17. Jan. 200417 Label Class Example: import java. awt.*; public class LabelExample extends java. applet. Applet{ public void init() { setLayout( new GridLayout( 1, 1)); add( new Label(“ left”, Label. LEFT)); add( new Label(“ center”, Label. CENTER)); add( new Label(“ right”, Label. RIGHT)); }//end of init }//end of LabelExample row number column number

18. Jan. 200418 init() Method The init() method is somewhat like the paint() method in that it’s not called by any method in our class. The init() method belongs to the Applet class and is called when the applet is first loaded. - This is where we would want to do any onetime initialization -Very similar to the main( ) method for Java application

19. Jan. 200419 Text Component Class There are two textual widgets: TextField and TextArea that are very similar to each other, so the data and methods that are common to both were removed and placed into the TextComponent class So TextField and TextArea are both subclasses of Text Component There are quite a few methods that are inherited by TextField and TextArea - String getText() returns a copy of the current contents of the component -void setText( String text) sets the current text to what is specified in by the argument

20. Jan. 200420 TextField Class Text fields are a box into which a single line of text may be placed. Text fields are different from labels in that they can be edited.

21. Jan. 200421 TextField Class There are four constructors to TextField objects: -TextField() creates an empty text field that is 0 characters wide - TextField( int columns) creates an empty text field wide enough to hold columns characters -TextField (String Text) creates a text field initialized with the given string -TextField( String text, int columns) creates a text field with content and width given by text and columns

22. Jan. 200422 TextArea Class Text areas are like text fields except they can handle larger amounts of text. Text areas can be given any width and height and have scroll bars by default.

23. Jan. 200423 TextArea Class There are five constructors for a TextArea object: -TextArea() creates an empty TextArea object -TextArea( int rows, int columns) creates an empty text area with the given number of rows and columns( chars) -TextArea( String text) creates a default sized text area containing the argument string -TextArea( String text, int rows, int columns) creates a text area displaying the given string with the size specified

24. Jan. 200424 TextArea Class -TextArea( String text, int rows, int columns, int scrollbars) - Acts like the preceding constructor, in addition it has an argument to specify whether or not the text area will have scrollbars. -There are 4 constant arguments that can be used: TextArea. SCROLLBARS_ BOTH TextArea. SCROLLBARS_ NONE TextArea. SCROLLBARS_ HORIZONTAL_ ONLY TextArea. SCROLLBARS_ VERTICAL_ ONLY -The default is for both horizontal and vertical scrollbars to be displayed.

25. Jan. 200425 TextArea Class An example: import java. awt.*; public class TextAreaExample extends java. applet. Applet { public void init() { String str = “This is an example for a TextArea that \n”+ “spans multiple lines. \n”+ “This is for course 91.3930/ 3 at the \n”+ “University of Winnipeg!\n”; add( new TextArea( str)); }//end of int }//end of TextAreaExample

26. Jan. 200426 Button Class Buttons are a simple UI component that triggers some action There are two constructors for a Button object: -Button() creates an empty button with no label -Button( String label) creates a button with the given string as a label After creating a Button object, you can get the value of the Button’s label by using the getLabel() method which returns a String. Using the setLabel() method, you can set the label of the button by passing in a String value.

27. Jan. 200427 Button Class An Example: import java. awt.*; public class ButtonExample extends java. applet. Applet { public void init() { add( new Button(“ Rewind”)); add( new Button(“ Fast Forward”)); add( new Button(“ Play”)); add( new Button(“ Stop”)); add( new Button(“ Pause”)); }//end of init }//end of ButtonExample

28. Jan. 200428 Checkbox Class Check boxes are UI components that have two states: on and off (or checked and unchecked, or true and false) unlike buttons, check boxes don’t trigger a direct action, but are used to indicate optional features of some other action. Check boxes can be used in two ways: -Nonexclusive given a series of checkboxes, any of them can be selected; can be checked or unchecked independently of each other -Exclusive given a series of checkboxes, only one can be selected at any one time; also known as radio buttons or checkboxgroups

29. Jan. 200429 Checkbox Class There are five constructors: -Checkbox() creates a Checkbox with no label and false -Checkbox( String label) creates a Checkbox with the given label and initialized to false -Checkbox( String label, boolean state) creates a Checkbox with the given label and state -Checkbox( String label, boolean state, CheckboxGroup group) -Checkbox( String label, CheckboxGroup group, boolean state) The last two create a Checkbox with the label and state specified as well as specifying a group that this Checkbox will belong to. There are a number of methods in this class that allow you to get and set the label, state and CheckboxGroup.

30. Jan. 200430 Checkbox Class An Example: import java. awt.*; public class CheckboxExample extends java. applet. Applet { public void init() { setLayout( new FlowLayout( FlowLayout. LEFT)); add( new Checkbox(“ Red”)); add( new Checkbox(“ Orange”)); add( new Checkbox(“ Yellow”)); add( new Checkbox(“ Green”)); add( new Checkbox(“ Blue”)); add( new Checkbox(“ Indigo”)); add( new Checkbox(“ Violet”)); }//end of init }//end of CheckboxExample

31. Jan. 200431 CheckBoxGroups A CheckboxGroup is a collection of Checkboxes in which only one of them can be selected at one time; - also known as radio buttons To create a series of radio buttons, first create an instance of CheckboxGroup -ChecboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup(); Then create and add the radio buttons into the group - use either of the following two methods: Checkbox( String label, boolean state, CheckboxGroup group) Checkbox( String label, CheckboxGroup group, boolean state)

32. Jan. 200432 CheckBoxGroups An Example: import java. awt.*; public class CheckboxGroupExample extends java. applet. Applet { public void init() { setLayout( new FlowLayout( FlowLayout. LEFT)); CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup(); add( new Checkbox(“ One”, false, cbg)); add( new Checkbox(“ Two”, false, cbg)); add( new Checkbox(“ Three”, true, cbg)); add( new Checkbox(“ Four”, false, cbg)); }//end of init }//end of CheckboxGroupExample

33. Jan. 200433 CheckBoxGroups Since CheckboxGroups only allow one button to be selected at one time, the last Checkbox to be added to the group with the state being true will be the one selected by default. So in the previous example, radio button with the label three would be selected.

34. Jan. 200434 Choice Class Choice menus are more complex than labels, buttons, or checkboxes Choice menus are pop-up or pull-down lists in which an item can be selected. To create a Choice menu, we first need an instance of the Choice class and then add items to it. The items added are enumerated from top to bottom starting with the index 0. One of the methods in this class to make note of is: -String getSelectedItem() returns the text of the current selection

35. Jan. 200435 Choice Class An Example: import java. awt.*; public class ChoiceExample extends java. applet. Applet { public void init() { Choice c = new Choice(); c. add(“ Red”); c. add(“ Orange”); c. add(“ Yellow”); c. add(“ Green”); c. add(“ Blue”); c. add(“ Indigo”); c. add(“ Violet”); add( c); }//end of init }//end of ChoiceExample

36. Jan. 200436 List Class A List is functionally similar to a Choice menu in that it lets you choose from a list, but Lists do not pop-up, they are permanently displayed on the screen. You can choose more than one item on the List if that capability is enabled. List items are enumerated from top to bottom starting at index 0 just like a Choice menu.

37. Jan. 200437 List Class There are three constructors for a List object: -List() creates a default sized List object in single selection mode -List( int rows) creates a List object in single selection mode with the number of rows given -List( int rows, boolean multipleselection) creates a List object with the specified number of rows. The List is in multiple selection mode if the boolean argument is true and single selection otherwise.

38. Jan. 200438 List Class An Example: import java. awt.*; public class ListExample extends java. applet. Applet { public void init() { List mylist = new List( 7, true); mylist. add(“ Red”); mylist. add(“ Orange”); mylist. add(“ Yellow”); mylist. add(“ Green”); mylist. add(“ Blue”); mylist. add(“ Indigo”); mylist. add(“ Violet”); add( mylist); }//end of init }//end of ListExample

39. Jan. 200439 List Class There are many methods in this class, we will look at a few of them: -String getItem( int index) returns the item string at the given index -int getItemCount() returns the number of items in the list -int getSelectedIndex() returns the index of the current selection returns -1 if no item is selected or more than 1 item is selected -int[] getSelectedIndexes() returns an array of index positions (for multiple selection lists)

40. Jan. 200440 List Class -String getSelectedItem() returns the selected item as a string -String[] getSelectedItems() returns an array of strings containing all selected items -void select( int index) selects the item at the specified index