1. 1 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Session Number Presentation_ID Network Research and Research Networks Fred Baker Cisco Fellow

2. 222 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID The questions I was asked Simon asked me to answer the question: “What types of networks should eScience be using?” That’s a big question, and has many possible answers I was also asked: “Which wireless is better, 3GPP, WiFi, or WiMax? Which should we deploy?”

3. 333 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Network Research and Research Networks Key question before I answer that: What are we doing? Research Networks: production networks that support science and education Networking Research: potentially substandard networks that test networking concepts

4. 444 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Research Networks 444 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID

5. 555 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Educational Networks Examples of these include the NRENS. Internet2, AARNET, CERNET, SingAREN, TANET/TANET2, TWAREN, etc Services supported: Educational institutions, including K-12 and University High end science

6. 666 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Education Example: Greek Public School Network Built off Greek NREN (GRNET): 7 GRNET nodes 82 GSN distribution routers ~10,000 schools Each school today has two IPv4 /30 subnets Access network Loopback NAT interior

7. 777 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID GSN Distribution Network Design One GSN distribution network per GRNET site (7) One access server per distribution network BGP Routing Advertises /48 to GRNET, or GRNET static routes to it Default route to GRNET OSPF Routing Distributes to £  6 POPs in OSPF Backbone Area or IS-IS L2 Domain Distributes to ~200 schools from each POP using OSPF or IS-IS Stub Area GRNET Router GSN Distribution Network GSN-served Schools

8. 888 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID To GSN Distribution Router Servers Student Lab Administration GSN In-School network Access connectivity: Stateful Firewall ADSL or ISDN Servers External access limited to SMTP/FTP download/WWW Additional POP etc access from lab Additional POP+FTP Upload access from administrative domain Intrusion Management Labs No external access Administration No external access Separated from student network Intrusion Management

9. 999 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Big Science Example: Square Kilometer Array Continental radio telescope Hundreds of correlated radio telescopes ~100 sensors per telescope 20 telescopes in a farm 120 telescope farms O(800 MBPS) data per sensor Data blocks O(340 Mbytes) One potential design: Software correlator built on distributed supercomputer, located at antenna farms Select interesting data, Correlate components at primary site Correlate sites at central location Do the math: lots of terabits, large storage arrays, and new data reduction paradigms

10. 10 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Network Research 10 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID

11. 11 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Networks for Networking Research Examples of these include The ten NSF-sponsored networks of the mid1980’s, one of which blossomed into today’s Internet DARTNET/DARTNET2 CAIRN CANARIE (NREN, but pioneered concept of consortium fiber) US National Lambda Rail

12. 12 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Interesting side effects of testing - NSFNET NSFNET: Congested network resulted in TCP’s congestion avoidance algorithms Scenario: Routers had limited buffering Traffic routinely exceeded network capacity Effect: Congestive collapse drove development of congestion avoidance procedures

13. 13 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Interesting side effects of testing - CSNET CSNET X.25 network that wrung out TCP implementations Scenario: Edge routers set up X.25 VCs sufficient to support ambient traffic Load sharing and HDLC bit stuffing resulted in significant traffic reordering Effect: Many TCPs had issues handling disordered traffic Several TCP implementations got fixed at that time

14. 14 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID What do I think is important in research? I think the network should support the research being done I think it should allow for a great deal of flexibility To me, that means Providing a stable production network for GRiD work Providing a network that can be changed easily for localized experiments Providing lambdas that can be deployed for special purposes at limited times Not limiting the network to a single technology

15. 15 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID What is “the right technology”? The “right” technology is always the technology that: meets current needs and allows for growth Always a value judgment, comparing merits and demerits against requirements

16. 16 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID What does Taiwan have, and how might we use it? 16 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID

17. 17 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Lets look at technologies being tested in Taiwan today Fiber networking WiMax WiFi 3GPP

18. 18 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Taipei Taichung Tainan 新竹 中央研究院 東華大學 交通大學 清華大學 中興大學 暨南大學 中山大學 成功大學 中正大學 中央大學 台灣大學 TWAREN C7609 GSR Hsin-chu Fiber networking TANET/TANET2: Production network for common collaboration TWAREN: Designed for flexibility in high end science Three networks in parallel: IP production network IP network for networking experiments Lambda network available for special uses High capacity: 10 GBPS on backbone paths

19. 19 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID WiMax Wide Area Wireless LAN Nominally 6 km diameter radio cells Connected with a fiber backbone Wide area broadband Issues Shared medium, vs DSL/Cable point to point Signal strength, BER issues common to wireless Metropolitan/Urban Advantages Potentially cheaper and higher capacity than DSL/Cable Mobile user supported

20. 20 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID WiFi Local Area Wireless LAN Hundreds of meter diameter radio cells Connected to access infrastructure Issues Shared medium, wired is faster Signal strength, BER issues common to wireless Home/office area Advantages Potentially cheaper than house wiring More flexible usage

21. 21 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID 3GPP Limited access rate general purpose network 2 MBPS within cell, shared among (potentially many) users Or, 64 KBPS circuit Issues Low bit rate compared to WiFi/Wimax Advantages Low BER compared to WiFi/Wimax More predictable access due to CAC Often available in the countryside

22. 22 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID How we build networks Local Policy I am always in control of my computer and who it can talk with Information security may be an issue, both in the network and on the host Access How I access the “big I” Internet Distribution How an ISP organizes his network to support his customers Core The Information Superhighway

23. 23 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID My home network diagram Family Network Home Office Network The Internet Cable Modem Access Network

24. 24 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID How do I go to work? Broadband Access/Distribution Network Core Fiber Network VPN Connectivity

25. 25 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID How I might use Taiwan’s networks Security Model: Wired gives speed/reliability, wireless gives flexibility Home or corporate network has defense in depth Perimeter security (firewall) Intrusion management End system security Requirements Ease of network use Control of resources Controlled access to sensitive materials

26. 26 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID How I might use Taiwan’s networks Local network Solution WiFi and wired networks in the home/office Access solution: DSL, Cable Modem, or Wimax Choice depends on price, capabilities, and availability For my uses, combine wired with all three wireless approaches, giving different security and access capabilities depending on location

27. 27 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID So which is better? Each is, for its purpose The biggest fallacy in the networking industry: “one size fits all”

28. 28 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID Research Fallout of Wireless solutions Next generation TCP/SCTP procedures are being developed for improved performance in wireless and long delay networks A network that combines commercial service and elevated probability of loss will require, and will test, those procedures Think of CSNET’s contributions…

29. 29 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Session Number Presentation_ID Network Research and Research Networks Fred Baker Cisco Fellow