1. P2P Simulation Platform Enhancement Shih Chin, Chai Superviser: Dr. Tim Moors Assessor: Dr. Robert Malaney

2. INTRODUCTION Part of the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Sharing of Networks Performance Measurements Project Focus on enhancing the current simulation platform for the development of meaningful simulations

3. P2P Network A distributed system architecture:  No centralized control  Nodes are symmetric in function Large number of unreliable nodes BobAlice JaneJudy 001 012 212 305 33 2 212 ? Fully decentralised Centralised

4. P2P networking Focus at the application level

5. MOTIVATION Many internet applications, currently based on the client-server architecture, will be more robust if built on decentralized self-organizing overlays (aka Peer-to-Peer Systems).

6. More Robust???? Reliable: no single point of failure, many replicas. Scalable: evolves smoothly to millions of nodes. High capacity through parallelism: many disks, many network connections, many CPUs.

7. Latest Generation Chord (MIT) Tapestry (UCB) Pastry (Microsoft & Rice) CAN (UCB & ACIRI) ………..

8. Basic lookup in Chord N32 N90 N105 N60 N10 N120 K80 “Where is key 80?” “N90 has K80” Consistent Hashing keyID = SHA_1(key) nodeID = SHA_1(IP) 7-bit ID space K15, K30

9. P2P networking

10. Locality Awareness Minimize wide-area traffic, bandwidth utilization, congestion, and sensitivity to wide-area faults Performance in the local area is particulary important when many paths can stay entirely within the local area. We want to make sure that the lookup path stay locally whenever it’s possible.

11. Search for Low Stretch The measure of locality efficiency is stretch, the ratio of the distance traveled to find a copy of an object to the distance to the closest copy. Two of the Distributed Hash Tables(DHT): Tapestry & Pastry

12. Roles of Simulators Evaluate the performance of p2p systems, in terms of cost (e.g. bandwidth) and value (e.g. reliability) Provide a "good" abstraction of the real network and application for experimental purposes.

13. The Dangers in Simulating P2P Differences in performance may be due to simulator, not p2p system, if different simulators are used. Simplified to the point where key facets of the network behavior have been lost

14. Today’s P2P Research Lack of common simulation platform until recently p2psim, peersim have been developed, & publicly available. Current projects still mainly use own simulators. (Bad..) Q: Could a small change in the model result in a large change in the outputs? More treacherous..

15. My Approach The most useful simulator for long-term research interests would be the one that incorporates various proposals by different researchers, e.g. ns-2, Opnet This thesis is about a collaborative effort to contribute toward a common network simulator in P2P networking.

16. Intro to p2psim Developed by MIT research group Written in C++ Multi-threaded Discrete-event simulator Currently supports Chord, Accordion, Koorde, Kelips, Tapestry, and Kademlia.

17. Initial (Part A) simulation results Aim: To evaluate the stretch performance of Tapestry Setup:  Hardware: Pentium 4 CPU 3GHz  OS: Linux 9, gcc version 3.2.2  Topology: King-topology  Node: 1740  Run Time: ~40hours  Method: Evaluation under churn

18. Simulation Results

19. Analysis The graph shows that the stretch decreases as bandwitch per node increases. However, the actual path of a query takes does not show. Conclusion: More aggressive approach is needed to evaluate the actual locality performance

20. Goals for thesis part B Modify p2psim to output path information for individual queries so that complete stretch characteristics can be determined & Implement DHTs that have good support for locality, proximity and stretch in p2psim, such as Pastry

21. Plan Part I Expected challenge: Current simulator only supports end-to-end latencies. Possible solution: Use an IP-layer topology file, GT-ITM with p2psim, because GT-ITM deals with IP-layer nodes, which possibly enable us to count IP hops of a query.

22. Plan Part II Expected challenge: Huge program. >3000 lines of C++ code as the outcome. Proposed tools:  The Tapestry code  Based on the paper, “Pastry: Scalable, decentralised object location and routing for large-scale p2p systems.” (Microsoft & Rice)  P2psim mailing list

23. Task Schedule Week 1-4: Modify p2psim to output stretch Week 5 – 10: Implement Pastry Week 11 – 12: Evaluation and Testing Debugging & Refinement Documentation & Project Management Week 13 – 14: Final Report and Open Day

24. Summary Enhance p2psim Add in new features:  Output query path  New protocol To evaluate the stretch issues our project after. Nonetheless, For long term research interest.

25. Reference Li JY, Stribling J, Morris R., Kaashock M.F., Gil T.M., A performance vs. cost framwork for evaluating DHT design tradeoffs under churn, MIT. Stoica I., Morris R., Karger D., Kaashock MF., Balakrishnan H., Chord, MIT and Berkeley. Zhao B.Y, Kubiatowicz J., Joseph AD., Tapestry, UCB. Rowstron A., Druschel P., Pastry, Microsoft and Rice University. Kurose J., Levine B., Towsley D., Peer-peer and Application level networking, http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/cs791nhttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/cs791n Floyd S., Paxson V., 2001, Difficulties in simulating the Internet, ACIRI, Berkeley. Risson J., Moors T., Towards Robust Internet Applications: Self- Organizing Overlays, UNSW.

26. ANY QUESTION?

27. 4 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 3 3 1 3 4 1 1 43 2 4 Tapestry Mesh Incremental suffix-based routing NodeID 0x43FE NodeID 0x13FE NodeID 0xABFE NodeID 0x1290 NodeID 0x239E NodeID 0x73FE NodeID 0x423E NodeID 0x79FE NodeID 0x23FE NodeID 0x73FF NodeID 0x555E NodeID 0x035E NodeID 0x44FE NodeID 0x9990 NodeID 0xF990 NodeID 0x993E NodeID 0x04FE NodeID 0x43FE

28. Routing to Nodes Example: Octal digits, 2 18 namespace, 005712  627510 005712 340880 943210 387510 834510 727510 627510 Neighbor Map For “5712” (Octal) Routing Levels 1234 xxx1 5712 xxx0 xxx3 xxx4 xxx5 xxx6 xxx7 xx02 5712 xx22 xx32 xx42 xx52 xx62 xx72 x012 x112 x212 x312 x412 x512 x612 5712 0712 1712 2712 3712 4712 5712 6712 7712 005712 012 3 45 6 7 340880 012 3 45 6 7 943210 012 3 45 6 7 834510 012 3 45 6 7 387510 012 3 45 6 7 727510 012 3 45 6 7 627510 012 3 45 6 7

29. Object Location Randomization and Locality

30. Pastry: Routing

31. Proximity Neighbor Selection Node is chosen based on the proximity metric Routing step: 1. check the leaf set 2. then the routing table