2. Changes in Transport Lesson Aim: To learn what transport was like in 1750 and understand how and why it was changed.

3. Key Words Turnpikes Turnpikes Turnpike Trusts Turnpike Trusts Tolls Tolls Toll Houses Toll Houses Stage/Mail Coaches Stage/Mail Coaches Highwaymen Highwaymen Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

4. “Let me warn all travellers who may decide to travel through the North of England to avoid it as they would the devil…..they will break their necks or limbs by overthrowing or breaking down. They will meet with ruts (large holes in the road) which I actually measured were four feet deep and floating with mud after a wet summer. What can it be like after winter?The only mending the road gets is the tumbling of some loose stones which serve no purpose than to jolt the carriage in the most intolerable manner.” (Arthur Young, A Tour Through the North of England) Source A

5. “Let me warn travellers who travel through the North of England to avoid it...they will break their necks or legs by the coach overturning or breaking down. There are large holes 4 feet deep and filled with mud after a wet summer. What can it be like after winter? The holes in the road are filled with loose stones which only makes the journey worse.” (Arthur Young, A Tour Through the North of England) Source A2

7. What was road transport like in 1750? Roads like this were not really suitable for transporting fragile goods. Factory owners needed flat and hard wearing roads to enable larger wagons to be able to make use of them safely.

8. Why was there a need for better roads in 1750?

9. Due to an increase in industrial production Due to an increase in industrial production The existing forms of communication were poor The existing forms of communication were poor Roads were in an awful state Roads were in an awful state Many places could not be reached by river Many places could not be reached by river Factory production stopped when raw materials failed to arrive on time Factory production stopped when raw materials failed to arrive on time Poor roads made it difficult to transport finished goods around the country Poor roads made it difficult to transport finished goods around the country

10. Would you enjoy travelling to London in 1750? London to Edinburgh 11 days (608km) London to Manchester 4 days (298km)

11. Roads had not improved for many years. Packhorses were used to transport goods. Packhorses were used to transport goods. Why was this such an inefficient form of transport? Why was this such an inefficient form of transport?

12. There were highwaymen on the main roads!

13. Famous Highwaymen Dick Turpin - born 1706 and trained as a butcher. Tried smuggling and then joined the Essex Gang who invaded isolated farmhouses. Turned to highway robbery late in his career. Dick Turpin - born 1706 and trained as a butcher. Tried smuggling and then joined the Essex Gang who invaded isolated farmhouses. Turned to highway robbery late in his career. 'Captain' Tom King - a swashbuckling highwayman who worked with Turpin later in his career. Killed accidentally by Turpin during a raid. 'Captain' Tom King - a swashbuckling highwayman who worked with Turpin later in his career. Killed accidentally by Turpin during a raid. James MacLaine - A respectable gentlemen by day and a highwayman by night. His accomplice was William Plunkett. Hanged at Tyburn in 1750. James MacLaine - A respectable gentlemen by day and a highwayman by night. His accomplice was William Plunkett. Hanged at Tyburn in 1750.

14. Dick Turpin – Murderer or adventurer?

15. Have you made progress this lesson? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Then you have made good progress this lesson. + Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Then you have made very good progress this lesson. + Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Then you have made excellent progress this lesson.

16. Turnpike Trusts These trusts were private companies which took over local roads. These trusts were private companies which took over local roads. They charged people to use them. They charged people to use them. The tolls were collected at toll gates. The tolls were collected at toll gates. In return the trusts were expected to repair and improve the roads. In return the trusts were expected to repair and improve the roads.

17. Turnpike Trusts

19. 1. Explain in your own words what a turnpike trust was and how they worked. 2. How did turnpike trusts lead to an improvement in road travel?

20. What effect would Turnpike Trusts have on road travel? AdvantagesDisadvantages Time of a journey Weight that could be transported Cost of travel

21. What effect would Turnpike Trusts have on road travel? AdvantagesDisadvantages Time of a journey Roads would be easier to travel along so journeys would be quicker Roads would still be too slow to supply factories with the materials they needed to make things Weight that could be transported Carts could be used more to transport things Heavier goods, such as iron and coal, would still be difficult to transport Cost of travel More goods could be transported so more could be sold and more profit made Transport cost would increase due to tolls being charged

22. Have you made progress this lesson? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Then you have made good progress this lesson. + Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Then you have made very good progress this lesson. + Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Then you have made excellent progress this lesson.

23. Blind Jack Metcalfe Jack Metcalfe, a Scot born in 1717, built about 180 miles of roads in Yorkshire, England (even though he was blind). His roads were well drained and had good stone foundations and a camber to help drain off rainwater. Jack Metcalfe, a Scot born in 1717, built about 180 miles of roads in Yorkshire, England (even though he was blind). His roads were well drained and had good stone foundations and a camber to help drain off rainwater.

24. Thomas Telford He built canals and bridges as well as roads. He built canals and bridges as well as roads. The roads were built to the highest standards and were very expensive. The roads were built to the highest standards and were very expensive. Large stones were used for the foundations Large stones were used for the foundations Then layers of medium sized stones and then smaller stones on the surface. Then layers of medium sized stones and then smaller stones on the surface. His roads were well drained and had few gradients and sharp bends. His roads were well drained and had few gradients and sharp bends.

25. John Macadam He believed that roads did not need solid foundations He believed that roads did not need solid foundations He put layers of stone chippings directly onto the soil. He put layers of stone chippings directly onto the soil. The stones were then compacted into a hard surface by the weight of the traffic. The stones were then compacted into a hard surface by the weight of the traffic. This was a cheaper method. This was a cheaper method.

26. The different improvements to roads during the 17 th Century 3.Whose design do you think would be the most popular? Why?

27. Have you made progress this lesson? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Then you have made good progress this lesson. + Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Then you have made very good progress this lesson. + Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Then you have made excellent progress this lesson.

28. Source A Better road surfaces reduced the cost of carrying goods. Horses could carry heavier loads at higher speeds and cattle could be driven to market quicker….but turnpikes had their shortcomings too. Even after road improvements it was still costly to send freight (bulky goods e.g. Coal, iron, timber) by wagon. Manufacturers continued to prefer water transport. For example, a Shropshire company in 1775 sent pig iron more than 400 miles by sea and river to avoid a 60 mile journey by road. RJ Cootes, Britain since 1700. 1.According to the source, how had roads improved during this period? 2.What reasons are given in the source to help explain why canals and railways replaced roads?

29. Have you made progress this lesson? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Can you describe what transport was like in 1750? Then you have made good progress this lesson. + Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Are you able to explain how roads were improved? Then you have made very good progress this lesson. + Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Can you give reasons why roads needed to be improved and assess the impact of the improvements? Then you have made excellent progress this lesson.