1. الانعكاس السيزمي
Receivers
source
reflector

2. Seismic measurement: tool to obtain an image of the subsurface
Source
Receiver S R
Measurement
Processing
Image
Detect changes in the subsurface
Detect objects

3. Q t t t t t t Reflection Seismics Raw data Source Receiver
seismic Section
geology

4. Seismic Imaging
Data acquisititie
Data processing
Interpretation

5. Overview
Fundamentals
Introduction
Seismic waves: Propagation Velocity and Amplitudes
Seismogram
Measurement systems
Sources, receivers, Acquisition strategies
Data processing
“Pre-processing”
Filter und Deconvolution
Velocity anlysis and Stacking
Migration
Interpretation

6. Snapshots of wavefield propagation
Source
This is an example how the seismic waves propagate through a complex medium

7. Snapshots of wavefield propagation
Source

8. Snapshots of wavefield propagation
Source

9. Snapshots of wavefield propagation
Source

10. Field of application Aim Depth of penetration Oil/Gas
Exploration of layers
100 m - 5 km
Engineering geophysics
Groundwater
Pollution
Archaeological m
Earth crust seismic
Composition of Earth Crust/Geodynamics
-60 km
Measurements in water
Echo sounder,
High resolution seismic
~ 0 m
<100 m
Georadar (GPR)
Shallow investigation of earth m
The exploration of the subsurface using seismic waves is applied in several fields of application

11. Acquisition on land Seismic vibrator dynamite geophones

12. Receivers Source Receivers Time
Example of one shot and several receivers which have a different distance to the source and thus the reflections are measured at other times.

13. hydrophones
source
Acquisition on see using a boat
Acquisition
on zee

14. Acquisitie on The seabottom Source Geophone and hydrophones
Acquisition on sea using geophones and hydrophones on the seabottom
Geophone and hydrophones
Acquisitie on
The seabottom

15. Seismic datacube
After a lot of measurements and extensive processing we can obtain an image of the subsurface from which we can get valuable information of what is in the subsurface: for example oil or gas

16. Depth slice
This is a depth slice of a 3D data volume we can identify different events which can be interpreted as follows

17. Geological interpretation

18. Interpretation of west-east-line
100
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
600
Interpretation of a seismic section
600
700
time [ms]
200 m
depth [m]

19. Time slice through a 3D seismic data set
Three-dimensional data volume showing a Gulf of Mexico salt dome with an associated rim syncline

20. Time slice through a 3D seismic data set
Section at 196 ms from a three-dimensional survey in the Gulf of Thailand area, showing a meandering stream channel
(from Kearey and Brooks, 1991)