1. 1 Dust Impacts on the 20% Worst Visibility Days Vic Etyemezian, David Dubois, Mark Green, and Jin Xu

2. 2 Improve Sites in 1997 (black) and 2002 (all)

3. 3 B ext = 3F(RH)[Sulfate] + 3F(RH)[Nitrate] + 4[OMC] + 10[LAC] + 1[Soil] + 0.6[CM]+ 10 (Rayleigh Gas Scattering) Reconstructed Light Extinction Coefficients

4. 4 20% Worst Days After sorting the reconstructed light extinction coefficient values of site X in year Y from lowest to highest, the days with light extinction coefficients above the 80 th percentile value are considered 20% worst days in terms of visibility.

5. 5 For This Presentation “Dust” = Coarse Mass (CM) + Fine Soil (FS) “Visibility extinction due to dust” is portion of B ext that is due to CM + FS Unless otherwise stated, data shown for 1997-2002 Unless otherwise stated, B ext does NOT include Rayleigh scattering Some sites have longer record than others

6. 6 Sources of “Dust” – CM+FS Regional Windblown Local Windblown Road Dust Construction Mining Agriculture Asian Origin African Origin Organic debris Wildfires Volcanoes Sea spray Other

7. 7 Fractional Contribution of Dust to Aerosol Extinction For All Worst Days

8. 8 Absolute Contribution of Dust to Aerosol Extinction For All Worst Days (Mm -1 )

9. 9 Fraction of Worst Days When Dust Contributed 15% or more to Aerosol Extinction

10. 10 Fraction of Worst Days When Dust Contributed more to Aerosol Extinction than Any Other Component (NO3, SO4, OMC, LAC)

11. 11 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Seasonal Patterns: Fraction of worst days when dust was principal component of extinction in each quarter.

12. 12 Example 1: Regional Windblown Dust Event

13. 13 Regional Windblown Dust 4/26/02

14. 14 Regional Windblown Dust 4/26/02

15. 15 Surface Weather 4/26/04 ~ 5:00 PM Local time

16. 16 NRL Model Prediction (WestPhal & Co) ~ 5:00 PM Local time

17. 17 Supplemental Met and PM Data

18. 18 Pretty sure this is windblown dust!

19. 19 Example 2: Asian Dust

20. 20 2001 Asian Dust Episode (4/16)

21. 21 Asian Dust During the spring season, the desert regions in Mongolia and China are massive sources of mineral aerosols Aerosol particles emitted from the Northwest desert region of China may have a significant influence over Eastern Asia, the Northern Pacific and even as far away as North America Recent work suggests that the frequency of dust storms in China has increased in the last few decades

22. 22 The Asians Don’t Like It Either Winds in excess of 60 mph can suspend enormous amounts of dust from a very large region

23. 23 2001 Asian Dust Episode (4/16)

24. 24 2001 Asian Dust Episode (4/16)

25. 25 Properties of Asian Dust Average CM:FS –All 2001 WRAP Worst days caused by dust (except 4/16/01): 4.6 –All WRAP sites when 4/16/01 was worst day: 0.93 Average K:Fe –2001 WRAP sites average: 0.91 –4/16/01 worst day sites: 0.5 Average Al:Si –2001 WRAP sites average: 0.2 –4/16/01 worst day sites: 0.5

26. 26 Example 3: Local Windblown Dust?

27. 27 Single-site dust in Montana 7/27/01

28. 28 Example of hazagons of confirmed fires in NV, WA, OR, ID

29. 29

30. 30 Surface weather ~ 5:00 PM Local Time

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33 EPA AIRS Air Quality Monitors in Adjacent Counties

34. 34

35. 35 Moral of the Story: For this case nothing jumps out immediately as a convincing “most likely” cause of the dust haze in Montruse

36. 36 Another Resort: Chemistry Example Jarbridge WA Cross-Correlation Plots

37. 37 Some Things to Think About Should this Type of Analysis be done for every 20% worst day at every site in WRAP? OR is there a semi-systematic approach that can be used instead of brute force method? What types of information can we expect to learn?

38. 38 Should This Analysis Be Done for Every Worst Day at Every WRAP Site? # of 20% Worst Site-Days in WRAP Region –Between 1997 and 2003 * : 6,839 –Between 2001 and 2003 * : 5,838 –Between 2001 and 2003 * AND Dust significant contributor (>15% of B ext ): 2,392 Dust principal contributor (greatest B ext ): 899 * 2003 Data Available ~ October, 2004

39. 39 Should “Episode Analysis” Be Done for Each of the 899 Cases –Analyst can research and document 2 – 4 cases a day –OR ~ 1 – 2 labor years - $$$$. –Not clear that this will result in a useful explanation of “dust” for every case –Will have to be repeated in the future – if desired

40. 40 Can a semi-systematic, less ambitious, method be used? Look closely at a subset of worst days with dust as a dominant source Find commonalities among “like” events and differences between “unlike” events Use a set of criteria to place all remaining worst days into one of several categories according to “most likely source type”

41. 41 How can this be done? Local and Regional Windblown dust 1.For each site, identify a nearby meteorological station that can provide reasonably representative wind speed data 2.Look at Wind Speed vs. Coarse Mass to estimate a threshold value for windblown dust at that site 3.Check if on a particular worst day with dust as dominant haze component a.threshold value is exceeded b.ratio of Coarse Mass to Fine Soil above a predetermined value 4.If so, categorize as Windblown Dust

42. 42 Determining Threshold Wind Speed for Windblown Dust

43. 43 Windblown Dust 1 site affected – “Local Windblown” dust Multiple sites affected – “Regional Windblown”

44. 44 Asian Dust Tendency to have large regional influence Compare CM:FS ratio to predetermined value (nominally 1 or less means long-range transport) Inspect chemical signature (K/FE, Al/Si) Identify a possible corresponding Asian Dust Event (E.g. Using NRL model) Inspect air mass trajectories If all points to Asian origin then “Asian Dust”

45. 45 Other Sources Construction: Unless close to monitor, likely infrequent and mixed with urban plume. Difficult to identify unless well-documented Road Dust: Same as Construction. If from urban source, urban air quality monitors might help. Signature of exhaust might help. Mining: Is there a mine within one day’s transport of site? Do trajectories show this as possible? Can chemistry be used as a tracer Agriculture: Could be substantial, depending on season. Difficult to confirm individual event occurrence. E.g. “Did Farm X harvest almond on Date Y?”

46. 46 Other Sources African Dust: Can use same approach as Asian dust, though probably very infrequent cause of worst day Organic debris: Can be related to agriculture. Probably seasonal. Probably shows different CM:FS ratio than windblown Wildfires, Volcanoes: Were there any wildfires or volcano eruptions nearby? Ratios of FS:Organic, K:FS, CM:FS can help. Sea Spray: Probably impacts coastal sites (if any in WRAP). Na and Cl content and ratio of CM:FS can help

47. 47 The “Other” Category For some cases, multiple sets of criteria would be met –Depending on # of such cases, inspect individually, try to find supplemental information For some cases, no set of criteria is met satisfactorily –These will go into “Other” category. Can Happen when: Inadequate met data Multiple sources in comparable quantities Criteria set incorrectly Unforeseen/undocumented source Just Because

48. 48 Summary of Method Consider only 2001-2003 20% worst days in WRAP at sites where dust (CM+FS) is dominant haze constituent Inspect subset of those days for useful trends to include known days for impacts from major source types As much as reasonable, place each worst day into category based on defined criteria. # of categories determined by how well the criteria can be defined

49. 49 What Can We Learn? Pros and Cons of Method Cons: –Limited to worst days dominated by dust haze –Does not give “source apportionment” for any particular day –Some difficulties likely in determining source category for some worst days Pros: –A mix of reasoning and brute force - optimize ratio of outcome to resources utilized –Leverages many of the same tools currently used in Causes of Haze Assessment (COHA) –Provides a first stab at a methodology that can be improved in the future –Provides insight into knowledge gaps –Likely to result in accounting for the most frequent causes of dust haze –Can be completed in 1 year or so

50. 50 Discussion?

51. 51 2001 Asian Dust Episode (4/16- 4/19)

52. 52 Ratio of Coarse Mass to Fine Soil Extinction Average for 68 WRAP sites in April over period 1997-2001 Average for 68 WRAP sites 4/16/2001 On 4/16/01, 45 of the 68 WRAP IMPROVE monitoring sites were in 20% worst case days of the year 2001. Up to 11 more were worst case days on 4/19/01.

53. 53 Other 2001 Worst Days at Mont1