1. CSCD 303 Essential Computer Security Winter 2014 Lecture 4 - Hackers and Attackers Reading: Chapters 3, 7, 16

2. Overview Hackers and Attackers –Definitions –History Past Recent –Motivation Glory, Fame Hacktivism CyberCrime Cyberterror –Resources

3. Terms Again What is a Hacker? People engaged in circumvention of computer security, Unauthorized remote computer break-ins, but also includes those who debug or fix security problems Its earliest known meaning referred to an unauthorized user of telephone company network, a phone phreaker

4. More Definitions Blackhat Hackers –Breaks into computers with malicious intent –Distinguished from ethical Hackers who break into computers for publicizing security problems –Members of this group, destroy data, disrupt services and wreck havoc on computers and users

5. 5 Attacker Groups Whitehat Hackers Hackers in this group are skilled Often belong to a hacker group – L0pht, Masters of Deception ( old groups …)‏ – Legion of Doom, Chaos Computer Club Feel they have a mission to improve security of computer world Avoid damage to network and systems Inform and educate system administrators about fixes to their security

6. Meetup Groups You can join a Hacker Meetup Group http://hacking.meetup.com/ –You can join a hacking group through the meetup organization!!!

7. 7 Attacker Groups Psychological Profile of Elite Hackers Most elite hackers... Different values and beliefs than society White hats believe they are performing a service for society by exposing poor security practices Some believe they are smarter than average Examples: Rob Morris, Kevin Mitnick

8. More Definitions Script Kiddies –Wannabe hackers –Little knowledge of what they are doing –Exploits they use, have typically been written by others with more knowledge

9. Definitions Cyber Terrorists –OK, this is an FBI definition P remeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents –James Lewis from Center for Strategic and International Studies Use of computer network tools to shut down critical national infrastructure (such as energy, transportation, government operations) or to coerce or intimidate a government or civilian population

10. Hackers Everyone thinks hacker = criminal What do you think? –Hackers have subculture, not-mainstream Dress in black, spend a lot of time in front of their computers, fascinated with technology Can potentially do scary things to people's data All of this creates a mistrust and fear of them Like to hang out in groups too Have strange group names: Cult of the Dead Cow, Demon Industry, Hell of Web

11. Hacker History Phone Phreakers – Learn as much as possible about telephone system without getting caught – Use knowledge to their advantage Free phone calls – Most famous - John Draper - “Captain Crunch” – Why was he called that?

12. History - Phone Phreakers Captain Crunch - 1971 – Discovered a toy whistle found in a box of Captain Crunch cereal Emitted a tone, 2600 Hz tone Exact frequency need to tell phone system to hang up the call, but used other tones then to call numbers - result was free phone calls Late 60's and Early 70's, all toll trunks were sensitive to this tone ATT did cost cutting measure, designed system so that signaling and voice used same circuit

13. History - Phone Phreakers Others discovered secret... Made devices to emit signal, “blue boxes” Worked until phone companies replaced old switches with newer electronic switching systems Trivia What famous PC computer founder was part of John Draper's computer club ? – Steve Wozniak http://www.webcrunchers.com/origins.html

14. 14 History - Famous Hackers Eric Corley (also known as Emmanuel Goldstein) Long standing publisher of 2600: The Hacker Quarterly and founder of the H.O.P.E. hacker conferences. Been part of the hacker community since the late '70s. Kevin Mitnick A former computer hacker who now speaks, consults, and authors books about social engineering and network security. Robert Morris Now a professor at MIT The son of the chief scientist at the National Computer Security Center — part of the National Security Agency (NSA) Cornell University graduate student accidentally unleashed an Internet worm in 1988 (oops ….)‏ Thousands of computers were infected and subsequently crashed.

15. History Recent Hackers Recent Black and White Hat Hackers –List of hackers including some recent folks can be found here, includes software developers http://www.autistici.org/rez/hackers.php Richard Stallman Why is he famous?

16. History Famous Hacker Groups CULT OF THE DEAD COW, also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker group founded in 1984 Lubbock, Texas – Produces an ezine called, Cult of the Dead Cow http://www.cultdeadcow.com/cms/textfile_index.php3 – Responsible for the practice of Hacktivism Combining Hacking with Social justice They targeted Google in allowing China to filter Internet traffic – Well known tools Back Orifice - Remote control of others computers Whisker - IDS evasion "Goolag - exporting censorship, one search at a time"

17. History - Famous Hacker Groups L0pht Heavy Industries was famous hacker collective active between 1992 and 2000, physically in Boston, Massachusetts area – 1998, all seven members of L0pht (Brian Oblivion, Kingpin, Mudge, Space Rogue, Stefan Von Neumann, John Tan, Weld Pond) Testified before Congress that they could shut down the entire Internet in 30 minutes – 2000, L0pht Heavy Industries merged with startup @stake, completing L0pht's slow transition from an underground organization into a "whitehat" computer security company Symantec bought @stake in 2004 – L0pht produced L0phtcrack a password cracker program

18. History - Famous Hacker Groups Chaos Computer Club (CCC) is one of the biggest and most influential hacker organizations – CCC based in Germany and currently has over 4,000 members, http://www.ccc.de/?language=en – CCC more widely known for public demonstrations of security risks 1996, CCC members demonstrated attack against Microsoft's ActiveX technology, changing personal data in a Quicken database from outside In 2008, CCC published fingerprints of German Minister of Interior Wolfgang Schäuble, also included fingerprint on film that readers could use to fool fingerprint readers

19. Hacktivism Motivation: political reasons Something called “hacktivism” is political motivation combined with cyber activism Example: Defacing certain web sites to embarrass a country or agency –FBI and the CIA had their web sites defaced numerous times

20. CIA.gov defacement example

21. A turkish group, known as turkguvenligi.info, managed to exploit a SQL injection flaw and insert a record that redirected the "events" page to an image with their site name.

22. 22 Hacktivism FloodNet, Java applet that repeatedly sends browser reload commands – In theory, when enough EDT participants are simultaneously pointing the FloodNet URL toward an opponent site, critical mass prevents further entry – Actually, this was rarely attained – Developed before botnets FloodNet's power lies more in simulated threat!

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24. 24 Hacktivism Older Examples – 1998 LoU members Bronc Buster and Zyklon disabled firewalls in order to allow China's Internet users uncensored access to Internet http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,16545,00.html – 1998 X-Ploit defaced the websites of Mexico's Finance Ministry and Health Ministry to protest government of President Ernesto Zedillo and show solidarity with the Zapatista rebellion http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/146645.stm

25. Current Hacktivism Anonymous http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Timeline_of_events_involving_Anonymous – Gained worldwide press for Project Chanology, protest against the Church of Scientology – 2008, a video produced by Church featuring an interview with Tom Cruise was leaked to Internet and uploaded to YouTube Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube requesting removal of video – Anonymous formulated Project Chanology... said action was Internet censorship DoS against Scientology websites, prank calls, etc

26. Anonymous Extremely active in Occupy Wallstreet events in 2011 and ongoing … Links here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrXyLrTRXso http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2163685/hackers- threaten-youtube-anonymous-video

27. Wikileaks, http://wikileaks.org/ Julian Assange – creator WikiLeaks is an international, online, non-profit organization which publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media from anonymous sources Its website, initiated in 2006 in Iceland by organization Sunshine Press, claimed a database of more than 1.2 million documents within a year of its launch April 2010, WikiLeaks published gunsight footage from the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike in which Iraqi journalists were among those killed by an AH-64 Apache helicopter, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rXPrfnU3G0

28. Wikileaks Where is Julian Assange now? June 2013, marked the one-year anniversary of Julian Assange's flight to the Ecuadorian Embassy in London to avoid extradition to Sweden in response to a Swedish police request for questioning in relation to a sexual assault investigation

29. Climategate Emails The Climategate scandal erupted on November 19, 2009, when a collection of email messages, data files and data processing programs were leaked from the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit (CRU) located in the UK, revealing scientific fraud and data manipulation by scientists concerning the Global Warming Theory Climategate emails and climate data became the subject of intense debate, calling to question assumptions on anthropogenic (man-made) global warming http://beforeitsnews.com/environment/2013/06/revisiting- climategate-as-climatism-falters-2471332.html

30. Climategate 2.0 Two years later …. November 22, 2011 another batch of emails was stolen and released.. showing still more doubts among the key scientists involved These emails confirm is that the great man- made global warming scare is not about science but about political activism Read more http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2011/11/22/climategate-20-5000- new-emails-confirm-pattern-deception-and-collusio#ixzz2qRWeFhfah http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2011/11/23/climategate-2-0-new-e- mails-rock-the-global-warming-debate/ http://climateaudit.org/2011/12/28/evading-moshers-foi/

31. Cybercrime Who is responsible for most Cybercrime? –Countries Russia, US, Eastern Europe, China, Brazil Dave Emm of Kaspersky Labs says –“... probably China is at the top, and that’s more than 50 per cent –Next would be between Russia and Latin America. A lot of the banking Trojans come from Latin America” –Roger Thompson, of AVG, believes that cybercrime can come from anywhere: –“While there are a lot of malware and web threats coming from Russia and China, there is also lots of activity in Turkey, Romania, Brazil and the US” http://pcplus.techradar.com/node/3066

32. Cybercrime Motivation is mostly money –Criminals want to make money typically by illegal means –Extortion, blackmail, theft, are all alive and well in the cyber world –Even physical security can be compromised if we include cyber stalking –Maybe other motivation such as malice against a company or government agency

33. Cybercrime Exploit Users Through Social Network Sites http://www.bmighty.com/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=208402877 National Cyber Security Alliance (NSCA) found - 83% of users downloaded unknown files from other people's profiles Potentially opened their PCs to attack - 57% of people who use social networking sites admit to worrying about becoming a victim of cybercrime –Three out of four users give out personal information E-mail address, name, or birthday that can be used to perpetrate identity theft Amazingly, 4% have even listed their Social Security numbers somewhere on their social network page

34. 34 Cybercrime Credit Card Theft - Numbers!! – 2005 - More than 40 million credit card numbers belonging to U.S. consumers were accessed by computer hacker, at risk of being used for fraud, MasterCard International Inc. – 2007- TJX Cos. (NYSE:TJX) revealed that information from least 45.7 million credit/ debit cards was stolen over an 18-month period – 2008 - Security breach East Coast supermarket chain exposed more than 4 million card numbers led to 1,800 cases of fraud, Hannaford Bros. Grocery Database of Credit Card Breaches http://www.privacyrights.org/

35. Cyberterrorism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-terrorism As 2000 approached, fear and uncertainty Remember how popular Duck Tape and guns were? Millennium bug promoted interest in potential cyberterrorist attacks –Acted as a catalyst in sparking fears of a possibly devastating cyber-attack –Real possibility existed for computer based systems such as banks, water supplies and power to be completely disabled

36. Cyberterrorism Good overview of threat of cyber-terrorism http://www.crime-research.org/articles/ Cyber_Terrorism_new_kind_Terrorism/ Examples of incidents

37. Cyberterrorism On Oct. 21, 2002, a distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack struck the 13 root servers that provide DNS services – Nine servers out of these thirteen were jammed. The problem was taken care of in a short period of time. At Worcester, Mass, in 1997, a hacker disabled the computer system of the airport control tower In 2000, someone hacked into Maroochy Shire, Australia waste management control system and released millions of gallons of raw sewage on the town - start real sickness In Russia, 2000, hacker was able to control the computer system that govern the flow of natural gas through the pipelines

38. Example of Cyberterrorism http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9721429-7.html In May 2007, Estonia subjected to mass cyber-attack in wake of removal of Russian World War II statue Attack was distributed denial of service attack in which selected sites were bombarded with traffic in order to force them offline … successfully Nearly all Estonian government ministry networks plus two major Estonian bank networks were knocked offline –Plus, political party website of Estonia's current Prime Minister featured a counterfeit letter of apology for removing the memorial statue

39. Example of Cyberterrorism At the peak of the crisis, bank cards and mobile-phone networks were temporarily frozen Russia is suspected for the attacks and various groups have claimed responsibility... no-one knows for sure! Is this in your opinion Cyberterrorism?

40. Example of Cyberterrorism Stuxnet Worm - Current Example - 2010 http://www.theaeonsolution.com/security/?p=307 Stuxnet, Windows-specific computer worm first discovered in June 2010 by VirusBlokAda, security firm from Belarus Worm spies on and reprograms industrial systems Attacks Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems used to control and monitor industrial processes It is also first known worm to target critical industrial infrastructure According to news reports infestation by this worm might have damaged Iran's nuclear facilities in Natanz It has infected computers in China, Iran, Indonesia, India, US and others...

41. Example of Cyberterrorism Chinese Hackers Attack Energy Facilities - 2009 http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/15058/ Hackers believed to be backed by the Chinese communist regime have continuously broken into computers critical to functioning of the United States' electric grid network All major electricity companies were targeted in attack, with several of their key systems compromised Attacks appeared pervasive across U.S. and don't target a particular company or region

42. Risks from Attack As a private individual, who is likely to target you and what might be their motivation? –Any Ideas?

43. Risks from Attackers Private Individuals Credit cards, SSN’s, bank information, medical records, other personal info At risk from –Criminals – want to profit from getting and selling your personal data –Phishing, Fake virus infections, Social networking sites

44. Risks from Attackers Small Business or Corporation –More at risk from deliberate targeting –Know something about company, at least its assets and defenses –Use a variety of techniques, technical, social engineering, and phishing to gain access –Want user or customer data, company secrets –Loss is potentially more severe Direct loss of assets and loss from law suites

45. Risks from Attackers Government, military site or critical infrastructure sites –Huge attraction for outside hackers –Motivation includes financial but also just pride especially if sophisticated security –Hacktivism –Could be nation states involved at this level –Meaning very skilled attackers trying to get classified information –Or, trying to incapacitate Energy or Communications sector … cyber terror Loss can potentially be devastating

46. 46 Hacker Books Books on Hackers – Steven Levy Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution – Michelle Slatalla and Joshua Quittner Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace, HarperPerennial, 1995 – Bruce Stirling The Hacker Crackdown, Bantam, 1992 – Paul Taylor Hackers, Routledge, 1999 http://www.amazon.com/Books-about-computer-hackers- hacking/lm/26UXHC7HABWSY

47. 47 More Hacker Books Cuckoo's Egg - 1995 Clifford Stoll Clifford Stoll becomes, almost unwillingly, a one-man security force … 75-cent accounting error in a computer log is eventually revealed to be a ring of industrial espionage The Art of Deception - 2003 Kevin D. Mitnick, William L. Simon Takedown - 1996 – Tsutomu Shimomura and John Markoff Account of Kevin Mitnick’s arrest List of more recent books http://www.goodreads.com/list/show/21621.Hacker_nonfiction

48. Hacker Websites Hacker hall of Fame http://www.francesfarmersrevenge.com/stuff/misc/hack/hall.htm Shmoo Group http://www.shmoo.com Attrition http://www.attrition.org Oldest hacker group - Chaos Computer Club http://www.ccc.de HackThisSite http://www.hackthissite.org/ Underground News http://www.undergroundnews.com

49. Journals Phrack – http://www.phrack.com/ 2600 – http://www.2600.com/ Hakin9 – http://hakin9.org/ Hackbloc – https://hackbloc.org/

50. Movies War Games - 1983 – Starring Matthew Broderick Link to 20 Recommended Movies http://www.linuxhaxor.net/?p=432 The Net to Sneakers to Many others Hackers, Outlaws and Angels http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmipxAOffwA Hackers are People Too http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jciIsuEZWM Takedown - 2000 – About Kevin Mitnick from “Their” point of view Freedom Downtime - 2001 – Movie about Kevin Mitnick by his friend Emmanuel Goldstein... its online http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6746139755329108302#

51. The End Lab this Week No class on Monday, Martin Luther King Day.. see Assignments page